Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation in women of reproductive age. Previous reports suggest that chromosomal abnormality is the second most common cause of amenorrhoea. Early referral for cytogenetic evaluation is recommended for the identification of underlying chromosomal aberrations in amenorrhoea patients. This was an observational study which was conducted in Vivekananda Institute of Medical sciences, Kolkata, during January 2013-December 2015. This study aims to estimate the frequency and types of chromosomal abnormalities in primary amenorrhoea (PA) patients in Eastern India and correlate their hormonal profile with chromosomal reports. Clinical features of 150 patients were recorded with clinical expertise. Peripheral venous blood was taken following informed consent, followed by karyotyping for chromosomal analysis. Results revealed 76.1% of PA with normal female karyotype (46, XX) and 23.9% with different abnormal karyotypes. Among the abnormal karyotype constituents, 50% numerical abnormalities, most frequent being Turner syndrome, pure (n = 12, 8%) and mosaic (n = 5, 3.3%). Three cases (2%) showed male (XY) karyotype. The other cases showed X structural abnormalities. This study emphasises the need for cytogenetic analysis as integral part of the diagnostic protocol in case of PA for precise identification of chromosomal abnormalities and for appropriate management and counselling of these patients.
Arsenic is a potent human carcinogen affecting the rate of cancer deaths worldwide. In India, West Bengal is the worst affected state by arsenic. To our best knowledge, this is the first study relating arsenic toxicity with oral carcinoma, along with HPV infection, the latter being well established in western countries. To find out a possible correlation between arsenic toxicity and oral carcinoma in the population of West Bengal, in or without any association with human papilloma virus infection. Ethical clearance of this study was obtained from the institutional committee. One hundred and four malignant and 103 premalignant cases were selected for this study along with 200 healthy age and sex-matched individuals selected as control (100 each for malignant and premalignant) (2013-2017). On proper consent, their buccal swab and hair samples were assessed for the presence of HPV DNA by DNA extraction, followed by PCR and arsenic estimation by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry respectively. A very highly significant correlation has been observed between arsenic toxicity, HPV infection and the occurrence of oral carcinoma (p value = 2.18e-06; p value = 0.00100 respectively). A correlation has also been observed between these two factors simultaneously, contributing to this malignancy (phi coefficient = 0.2194839). A statistically significant correlation observed between this metal toxicity and viral infection in the occurrence of oral carcinoma in this population indicates a possible symbiotic role between these two factors in this malignancy.
Purpose: To test the hypothesis that the coronary heart disease is associated with high serum homocysteine and low vitamin B-12, and folic acid concentrations. Methods: In this population-based case control study, 116 coronary artery diseases with appropriate ECG and/or Echo findings and 96 controls without abnormal ECG and/or Echo findings were selected as the study population. Results: The mean value of serum homocysteine levels of the cases (16.88 μ mol/L ± 10.84) was not significantly higher than the values of the control group (14.18 ± 4.19 μ mol/L) (p=0.02). The mean value of folic acid levels was lower both in male and female cases than that in controls but this difference was also not statistically significant (p= 0.51& 0.05).The mean B12 level also showing higher level in male and female cases but not significantly higher than those of their control group (p=0.48 & 0.62 ). Serum lipid profile [Total Cholesterol TCHL, Low density lipoproteins (LDL), High density lipoproteins (HDL), Triglyceride (TG)] was also found to be inadequate as a potential predictive risk factor in this particular population. Conclusion: These results do not support the hypothesis that coronary heart disease is related to high serum homocysteine concentration. The results are not conclusive due to inability to adequately control for potential confounders as well as inadequate sample size.
Objectives:To study any possible correlation between arsenic toxicity and the development of oral carcinoma in West Bengal population. Material and Methods: Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences. Out of 30 785 patients attending our hospital from November 2012 to July 2015, 107 cases and 50 control individuals were selected. The hair and buccal smear samples were obtained upon their consent for the purpose of the analysis of arsenic count and cytogenetic damage, respectively. Results: Ninety-six percent of cases came from the highly arsenic affected districts and 81.3% showed their arsenic count above the safe limit (0.8 μg/g) whereas 96% of the controls' arsenic count was within the safe limit. The study showed a significant difference of the micronuclei and apoptosis frequency between the cases and controls. Conclusions: The difference of micronuclei and apoptosis frequency between cases and controls was significant. The maximum number of cases came from highly arsenic affected areas and a higher percentage of cases showed elevated arsenic count, as compared to controls, which may indicate a possible link between arsenic toxicity and this disease. However, a larger sample size is required for a proper correlation. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(2):271-279
Background-The association of various addictions with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been well established. But it's any possible link with metal toxicity has not been studied in the context of this carcinoma. Aim-To correlate the variation in the effect of various addictions with arsenic toxicity in the development of OSCC in the study population. Settings and design-It is a case-control study. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional committee. A total of 104 oral malignant, 103 premalignant and 200 age and sex matched healthy individuals were selected for the study. The history of addictions of case and controls was collected from questionnaire. Methods and material-On proper consent of cases & controls, the hair samples were collected for arsenic estimation by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry and the peripheral venous blood samples were processed for human leukocyte culture followed by Giemsa staining for the detection of chromosomal abnormality. Statistical analysis used-Student t test, logistic regression by R software and correlation analysis by Graph Pad software. Results-Significant correlation was observed between arsenic toxicity & OSCC (p value = 2.18e-06 ***). Smoking tobacco (r value 0.5365) was more significant over chewing tobacco (r value 0.4804). 3% of malignant cases showed chromosomal break. Conclusion-Statistically significant correlation among arsenic, addictions & OSCC in this study may indicate an associative role between the two factors. However, the study could not define any correlation with cytogenetic damage.
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