Background and objective. Numerous novel biomarkers have been proposed for the early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Measurement of the carboxyl-terminal (CT) fragment of IGFBP-4, the CT-IGFBP-4, has shown promising efficacy in cardiac risk assessment in various studies. We performed a systematic review of studies that accessed the utility and predictability of CT-IGFBP-4 in different ischemic cardiovascular events. Methods. The electronic databases PubMed, medRxiv, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant literature from inception to the 10th of December, 2021. Thus, retrieved literature was screened by title and abstract, followed by full-text screening based on the eligibility criteria. The risk of bias was accessed using the quality in prognostic studies (QUIPSs) tool. The data on cardiovascular outcomes about CT-IGFBP-4 levels were studied and the results were synthesized. Results. Five studies with a total of 1,417 participants were included in our study. The studies reported a low risk of bias. The mean age of the participants was 66.14 and more than 65% were males. Elevated CT-IGFBP-4 levels were associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes and increased mortality in severely ill patients. In contrast, there were no significant findings in the case of stable patients. Sandwich ELISA using lithium-heparin plasma provided a better detection limit of 0.15 ng/ml, low cross-reactivity (<2%), and generated linear results between 12 and 500 ng/ml. Conclusion. CT-IGFBP-4 is an efficient biomarker for the prediction of MACE and mortality in patients with severe ischemic cardiovascular events.
Objective This meta-analysis aimed to obtain the pooled estimate of fibrinogen levels in SSNHL cases and investigate its association with patient prognosis and recovery. Data sources We searched the databases PubMed, medRxiv, and Google Scholar for all relevant literature published until August 1, 2022. Review methods The primary objective of the meta-analysis was to assess the association of fibrinogen with the risk of SSNHL and recovery. The search results were screened and selected for review on the basis of eligibility criteria. SSNHL patients were defined as cases and healthy individuals as controls. Data on the level of fibrinogen in SSNHL and controls, as well as recovered and the non-recovered group were subjected to a meta-analysis on Review Manager Version 5.4.1 using a random and fixed-effects model. The pooled estimate was expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) and forest plots were generated for interpretation Results Fourteen studies with a total of 2,077 participants fulfilled the eligibility. The overall risk of bias was moderate. The blood level of fibrinogen was significantly higher in SSNHL patients as compared to controls [SMD = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.04–0.67; p = 0.03]. Likewise, the recovered group had significantly lower fibrinogen prior to treatment as compared to the non-recovered group [SMD= -0.36; 95% CI= -0.58 to -0.14; p = 0.001]. Conclusion Higher fibrinogen levels were observed in SSNHL patients as compared to controls. Recovered patients had a lower fibrinogen level.
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