This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplements with isolated soy protein, brewer's yeast, a mixture of isolated soy protein with brewer's yeast, linseed oil, palm oil and mixture of linseed oil with palm oil in the production of royal jelly by Africanized honeybee colonies. Total royal jelly production was higher (p < 0.05) in colonies fed with isolated soy protein and brewer's yeast (11.68 g colony-1), followed by linseed oil and palm oil (11.30 g colony-1) and palm oil (9.61 g colony-1), being higher than control I (6.35 g colony-1), and II (6.95 g colony-1). The results demonstrated that the supplementation with a mixture of linseed oil plus palm oil, and isolated soy protein plus brewer's yeast is recommended to increase the royal jelly production on a commercial scale. Besides becoming an important tool for beekeepers by increasing the production, it also contributes to improve the acceptance rate of grafted larvae.
The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant potential of freeze‐dried green tea (GT) in hamburgers (lipid oxidation) and its influence on quality characteristics (composition, colour, texture, pH, microorganisms and sensory acceptance). The total polyphenol (TPC), flavonoid content (FC) and antioxidant activity of GT were also evaluated. Five treatments were used: control—without antioxidant; butylhydroxytoluene (BHT)—with 0.01% of BHT; and with different levels of GT (0.01%, 0.02% and 0.04%). The TPC in GT was 44.31 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, FC was 4.43 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g and also presented a higher antioxidant activity. The GT addition did not influence (p > 0.05) on moisture, protein, lipid, ashes, calories, microorganism counts and shear force of hamburger. Only the b* value (colour) was affected (p < 0.047). GT was more efficient in retarding the hamburger oxidation than BHT (p < 0.05). No influence was also observed on sensory acceptability of hamburger, being the GT a potential substitute for synthetic antioxidant. Practical applications Currently, the use of antioxidants by the industry is done on a large scale, mainly aimed at inhibiting or retarding lipid oxidation, which modify colour, flavour, texture and decrease nutritional quality of food, reducing the acceptability by consumers leading them to reject the product. However, most of these antioxidants are synthetic and many of them are harmful to human health. Thus, this work demonstrates the potential use of a natural antioxidant (green tea) as a substitute for synthetic antioxidant by the food industries.
Some filamentous fungi are able to grow in food and produce toxic metabolites. It occurs mainly in grains, cereals, oilseeds and some by-products. The growth of fungi in a particular food is governed largely by a series of physical and chemical parameters. The production of toxic metabolites is not confined to a single group of molds irrespective of whether they are grouped according to structure, ecology, or phylogenetic relationships. Mycotoxins can be carcinogenic and cause several harmful effects to both human and animal organisms, in addition to generating large economic losses. The major mycotoxins found in food are the aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, zearalenone, and trichothecenes, generally stable at high temperatures and long storage periods. Considering the difficult prevention and control, international organizations for food safety establish safe levels of these toxins in food destined for both human and animal consumption. Good agricultural practices and control of temperature and moisture during storage are factors which contribute significantly to inhibit the production of mycotoxins. The use of some fungistatic products, such as essential oils and antioxidants, as well as physical, mechanical, chemical, or thermal processing, represents important methods to have the concentration of mycotoxins reduced in food.
In addition to being used as food, honey has been used as an alternative medicine for thousands of years. Honey has a great potential to be used as a medicine because it is not suitable for microorganisms , it is very acidic and has a very high sugar content, which causes an osmotic effect that prevents the growth of some microorganisms , moreover, in some honey, hydrogen peroxide is found, which has a strong antibacterial effect. However, properties and appearances of honey vary greatly according to the floral source in which the bee collects the nectar, so some honey also have a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Recently, there are several studies, mainly in vitro, that prove the effectiveness of honey for various medical purposes due to its components and its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer properties.
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