International audienceRemains of pictorial decorations in a series of six representative megalithic monuments of Brittany (France) and two French stelae have been studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy for the first time. Fungal colonies on the painted orthostats made it difficult to obtain in situ Raman spectra of the paint components. Nevertheless, paint micro-specimens studied in the laboratory by micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electronic microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy have made possible to characterise the materials present. The minerals α-quartz, albite, microcline, muscovite, phlogopite, celadonite, beryl and anatase have been identified in the granitic rocks supporting the paintings, while dolomite and calcite are dominant in the calcareous rocky substrata. Haematite is the main component of the red pictographs, whereas amorphous carbon and manganese oxides/oxihydroxides have been used in the black ones. Calcite, gypsum and amorphous carbon have been detected as additional components of the paint in some cases. Contamination with modern tracing materials (polystyrene and ε-copper-phthalocyanine blue) has been detected in several cases. The presence of pigments as decorative elements in megalithic monuments of Western France and its possible relation with those of the Iberian Peninsula create interesting expectations for the knowledge of the European megalithic culture

The megalithic sites from southwest Iberia represent one of the largest clusters of prehistoric monuments in Europe from the Neolithic and Copper Age (fifth and third millennia cal BC). Unlike other regions from western Europe, there has not been a recent effort to map the distribution of these kinds of burials across this vast territory. Therefore, this article aims to collect geographic information from three regions of southwest Iberia (Alentejo and Beira Baixa from Portugal and Extremadura from Spain) and to compare the archaeological evidence between different landscape units. We have mapped already known megaliths (ca 2000) and settlements (ca 1500) in this area. Moreover, through the interpretation of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) datasets, we have identified new walled enclosures and megaliths in the Extremadura region (Spain), the only one of the three where LiDAR data are available.The new data reveals new connections between settlements, burials and other archaeological evidence. Finally, we discuss the impact that these new data have on a new overall interpretation of megalithic landscapes from the Iberian Peninsula, stressing also the potential risks that the massive application of remote sensing can have in the production of archaeological knowledge.

La présence de cinabre dans les sépultures collectives du centre de la péninsule Ibérique, montre un rôle symbolique identifiant des pratiques rituelles bien connues dans les mégalithes du sud de la péninsule. Les données obtenues sur la nécropole de Valle de las Higueras à Toledo, dans le contexte du Chalcolithique de l’intérieur péninsulaire (dès le IVe jusqu’au IIIe millénaire cal BC), constituent un point de repère pour réfléchir sur le « rouge funéraire » dans la Préhistoire récente. La source exotique de cinabre, probablement d'Almadén, ajoute un élément unique. Alors que le cinabre était le rouge funéraire « spécifique » du sud de la péninsule Ibérique, les indices trouvés en Catalogne et dans le sud-est de la France témoignent du rôle majeur joué par la vallée de l’Èbre. S'ajoutant aux circuits de l’ivoire, de l’ambre et de l’or, il souligne le rôle du sud dans l’apparition de modèles funéraires qui, au troisième millénaire (en même temps que l'utilisation des gobelets campaniformes est à son apogée), devient particulièrement importante dans toute l'Europe. Les informations provenant des mégalithes ibériques où des pigments ont été prélevés, montrent une nette différence entre le rouge utilisé dans les structures architectoniques des tombes, de pierre ou de terre, et le rouge utilisé pour les os et les figurines humaines. Le cinabre était réservé à ces derniers tandis que les parois sont décorées avec des oxydes du fer. Les décorations gravées associées à la peinture sur les figurines sont une preuve convaincante de la valeur des vêtements teints, ainsi que de la présence plus que probable de vêtements de cérémonie, de linceuls, de peintures corporelles, de tatouages ou de masques. Il est possible que les défunts affichent, à travers la source de leur couleur rouge, des récits qui proviennent de leur vie quotidienne, comme le travail des mineurs, ou encore leur valeur sociale par les vêtements, les tatouages et les peintures corporelles funéraires. On peut envisager une variété d’explications par rapport à l’usage du cinabre, si on tient compte du registre archéologique ici analysé : une ritualité où le rouge joue le rôle de signe de la vie et de la mort avec des symboles qui perdurent tout au long du Néolithique et du Chalcolithique ibériques.

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The dolmen of Guadalperal (Spain) became well known in 2019 when the waters of the reservoir in which it had long been submerged became so depleted as to leave it above water and highly visible. This gave rise to great media and social polemic. In this study, we deal with the ‘recovery’ of the dolmen using digital techniques, including a strategy of geometrical documentation of long, medium and short-range through the use of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and photogrammetry. The result is a set of products that trace the changes that have taken place in the monument since its excavation in 1925, the identification of conditions affecting it and the acquisition of new information on the decorated supports that formed part of the megalithic architecture. To do so, the time during which it was accessible (i.e., not underwater) was used to acquire the only heritage information currently available on the monument. This new information offers a complete assessment of a megalithic monument using a protocol that is exportable to other sites submerged in lakes or reservoirs.

Resumen. El estudio de dos tumbas campaniformes de la provincia de Toledo se establece como punto de partida para valorar el conjunto de los enterramientos peninsulares de mujeres y la existencia de comportamientos identificativos de sexo. La mujer forma parte de los enterramientos campaniformes y toda la variedad de construcciones, asociaciones y rituales característicos del momento. Los ajuares asociados a ellas muestran heterogeneidad y manifiestan su relevancia social e integración dentro de la sociedad. Es esa socialización la que realmente sitúa los enterramientos femeninos en la misma categoría social que el resto de la población asociada a campaniforme. Que uno de los enterramientos corresponda a una gestante nos permite reflexionar sobre la importancia de la maternidad en el III milenio a.C. y su causalidad en la muerte de mujeres en el pasado.Abstract. Two Bell Beaker tombs in Toledo's province aid to evaluate the women burials from the Iberian Peninsula and the existence of identifiable behaviour based on sex. Women are part of Bell Beaker burials and they appear in all the different constructions, associations and rituals distinctive of this period of time. Grave goods show heterogeneity while displaying her social relevance and integration within their society. This suggests that the women burials remain in the same social status of Bell Beaker communities, regardless of sex. The fact that one of the case studies is a pregnant woman allows us to rethink the importance of maternity in the 3rd millennium B.C. and the casuality of the pregnancy in women death in the past.Sumario: 1. Introducción. 2. Contextos a analizar: Dos casos de estudio de la provincia de Toledo. 3. Tumbas para mujeres. 4. Objetos no solo para mujeres: cerámica, punzones y botones. 5. El cuerpo y su tratamiento. 6. Apuntes finales.Cómo citar: Barroso Bermejo, R.; Bueno-Ramírez, P.; González Martín, A.; Balbín-Behrmann, R. de; Rojas Rodríguez, J.M. (2018): Tumbas, materialidad y maternidad en los enterramientos de mujeres con Campaniforme: Dos casos de estudio del valle medio del Tajo. Complutum, 29(2): 319-337.

The recording of megalithic art on menhirs in Western Iberia used to be performed through direct tracing. The use of photographic techniques represented an important advance in the interpretation of some of the most important prehistoric sites in this wide region, and also in the structuring of archaeological narratives. With the development of photogrammetry, the possibilities have improved considerably, enabling the recording of decorations not visible to the naked eye. In this paper, we present a new protocol to highlight the engravings on eroded surfaces, based on High Performance Computing and advanced algorithms for 3D mesh calculation. This tailored protocol has rendered expressive visual results that have succeeded in recording one of the most exceptional cromlechs in Western Europe: Almendres (Portugal). The results have proved the efficiency of the method and the need to revisit the classic megalithic sites.