Peritoneal cytology is crucial in the diagnosis and staging of abdominal and pelvic malignancies. Diagnostic pitfalls can be avoided by having an understanding of the different methods of sampling, a familiarity with cytomorphology of the various specimen types, adequate clinical history, and an ability to prepare cell blocks and/or review other prior or concurrent specimens. Ovarian cancer is the second most frequent type of gynecological malignancy but the most lethal. While high-grade serous carcinoma is the most common histological subtype, mucinous carcinoma of the ovary (MCO) was believed to constitute around 4% of ovarian malignancies. It is critical to diagnose these rare tumors correctly to ensure proper treatment, avoid mortality, and preserve fertility for young women.
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