Globally, Tuberculosis is the most distress disease which remains as a major challenge from the standpoint of diagnosis, detection of drug resistance, and treatment. The increasing knowledge in molecular biology techniques has improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance for the major first and second-line anti-tubercular drugs. Thus, rapid and accurate diagnosis of Tuberculosis would improve patient care and limit its transmission. This study is aimed to identify mutations in drug resistance genes of first and second line drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing methods. This study involves sputum samples of 20 patients diagnosed to have pulmonary tuberculosis. The genomic DNA from clinical isolates was isolated using simple boiling method. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing were performed for katG, inhA, ndh, kasA, pncA, embB, rrs, rpsL, rpoB, gyrA, gyrB and thyA genes. Sequence analysis was done using Bioedit, a bioinformatics tool. The isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from western part of India were analyzed by DNA sequencing revealed total 29 mutations in first line drugs. Out of them, 5(25%) in rpoB at codon 516 and 531, 6(30%) in katG at codon 315, 8(40%) in rpsL at codon 43 & 88, 3(15%) in embB at codon 306 and 7(35%) in pncA at codon 195.No mutations in inhA, ndh, kasA and rrs genes were observed in our study. In the second line drugs, 2(10%) at codon 90 & 100% mutations at codon 95 in gyrA gene, and no mutation in gyrB and thyA genes were observed.
People are surrounded with unrealistic images that are altered and manipulated to appear "perfect" and when they compare themselves with such images, they develop feelings of Self-doubt and believe they should change certain physical aspects to be considered attractive. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the influence of unrealistic beauty standards set up by the Fashion industry and its effects on a person's physical and mental Wellbeing. We conducted a survey questionnaire targeted at approximately 224 young adults with a mean age of 20-30 years. As a result, 95.6% of our survey respondents agreed that the fashion industry has set up unrealistic beauty standards that deleteriously affect a person's general health and Wellbeing.
Background: Mushroom production can play a vital role to alleviate poverty by generating employment prospects for jobless educated youth along with additional income in rural and semi-urban areas. The present study was conducted to find out the growers’ response to vocational trainings on mushroom production at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Moga.
Methods: The respondents consisted of 212 trainees who had undergone vocational training on mushroom production techniques from KVK, Moga between the years 2015-16 to 2019-20.
Result: It was observed that pre-training knowledge score was not much satisfactory for all the aspects of training programme. However, the knowledge score gained by respondents after training was more satisfactory in all the aspects. The study revealed that exposure to training had increased the knowledge of participants regarding techniques of mushroom production by 80.75 per cent. The reason behind the satisfactory change in perception level might be due to well educational background, keen interest of participants and methods followed for technology transfer to the trainees. Some trainees even adopted mushroom cultivation as self-employment and set up their own units. The study revealed that the mushroom production training has created a favourable attitude among the trainees and also enhanced the economic level of beneficiaries who adopted it as a source of livelihood.
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