Introduction: Retinoblastoma (RB) is a prototype of heritable cancers. It is more common in the lower socioeconomic strata. Delayed presentation significantly reduces the overall outcome. We have analyzed the epidemiological and clinical data of children who were diagnosed with RB between the years 2009 and 2014. Aim: RB being a disease of the poor, delayed presentation is common due to lack of awareness. We have analyzed the epidemiological profile of our patients and tried to establish the link between delayed presentation and the presence of high-risk features. High-risk features are associated with higher chance of metastasis and poor rates of vision salvage in RB. Methodology: Data were collected in a retrospective manner from the patient case files retrieved from the Medical Records Department, Kidwai cancer Institute. The data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS software (IBM Corp. released 2016, IBM SPSS statistics software for Mac OS, version 24, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results: A total of 53 patients were diagnosed with RB in the years 2009–2014. There was a male predominance with 1.2:1 incidence. Bilateral RB was present in 21 cases. The mean age of children with bilateral RB was 2.1 years, against 1.5 years in unilateral cases. High-risk features such as optic nerve invasion, choroidal invasion, intracranial extension, and orbital involvement were found in 12, 6, 5, and 5 eyes, respectively. Bone marrow involvement was detected in 5% and lung metastasis in 2%. Intracranial involvement was found in 10.4% and cerebrospinal fluid positivity in 15%. Children with high-risk features had a significant delay in presentation in comparison to those without high-risk features ( P = 0.035). Conclusion: Incidence of metastatic disease and delayed presentation is still high in developing countries. Routine eye examination during vaccination visits can ensure early diagnosis and appropriate referral in many of these children.
neutrophil Volume, conductivity and scatter (VcS) as a screening tool in neonatal sepsis prerana nesargi 1 , H. S. niranjan 2 , prathik Bandiya 2* & naveen Benakappa 2 the initial evaluation of a suspected sepsis in a neonate is always challenging. there are many methods to screen a neonate with suspected sepsis. one of newer method is to assess the changes in neutrophil volume conductivity and scatter. the objective of this study was to establish changes in neutrophil volume conductivity scatter (VCS) in neonatal sepsis and to determine appropriate cut off levels using receiver operating characteristic (Roc) curves. neonates with suspected sepsis were evaluated with blood counts, culture and neutrophil VcS parameters. Based on these parameters neonates were classified into sepsis group (Blood culture positive), Probable sepsis group (clinical course consistent with sepsis and positive sepsis screen and negative blood culture), no sepsis group (clinical course not suggestive of sepsis with negative sepsis screen and blood culture). A total of 304 neonates were included in the study of which 144 were in sepsis group and 160 in no sepsis group respectively. Among the neutrophil VCS parameters there was significant difference between the groups with respect to mean neutrophil volume (MNV) and volume distribution width (VDW) (180 vs 163 vs 150) (p < 0.01). MNV and VDW had good sensitivity (95%, 82%) and specificity (86%, 74%) for diagnosis of sepsis. In conclusion, neutrophil VcS parameters, especially MnV, can be incorporated with other sepsis screen parameters in diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Neonatal sepsis is one of the leading cause of mortality in developing countries 1. One of the most important challenges faced by neonatologists is accurate early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Improper diagnosis has led to unnecessary abuse of antibiotics and alarmingly increase in antibiotic resistance in developing countries 2. The conventional tests, commonly called sepsis screen, most often ordered in this scenario are labour intensive time consuming and subjective because of human interpretation 3. The Volume, Conductivity and Scatter (VCS) technology of coulter LH780 haematology analyser (Beckman coulter, fullerton, CA) can obtain data from WBCs and these VCS parameters can detect morphological changes in immature and reactive neutrophils. This technology is similar to evaluation of peripheral blood smear by microscope but it evaluates more than a microscope 4. It measures cell volume (mean neutrophil volume, MNV), conductivity (mean neutrophil conductivity, MNC) and scatter using direct current impedence, radiofrequency opacity and laser beam respectively 5. The information about cell size is given by MNV and internal chemical composition of the cell, especially the nuclear density and cytoplasmic granularity by MNC 5. This technology gives results in minutes with no additional blood needed than for the Complete Blood Count 6. Neutrophil VCS parameters were evaluated to diagnose sepsis and were found useful in adult pop...
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