New Findings r What is the central question of this study?Individuals suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy show progressive deterioration of muscle function associated with muscle inflammation and are susceptible to anxiety and depression. The central question in this study is whether the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline can alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression, and at the same time has anti-inflammatory effects in mdx mice, which are a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. r What is the main finding and its importance?Amitriptyline reduced inflammation and cytokines in mdx skeletal muscle, and had anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in mdx mice. Moreover, amitriptyline elevated the level of serotonin but reduced the expression of the cytokine interleukin-6 in the amygdala of mdx mice.Mutations in the structural protein dystrophin underlie muscular dystrophies characterized by progressive deterioration of muscle function. Dystrophin-deficient mdx mice are considered a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Individuals with DMD are also susceptible to mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Therefore, the study objectives were to investigate the effects of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline on mood, learning, central cytokine expression and skeletal muscle inflammation in mdx mice. Amitriptyline-induced effects (10 mg kg −1 daily s.c. injections, 25 days) on the behaviour of mdx mice were investigated using the open field arena and tail suspension tests. The effects of chronic amitriptyline treatment on inflammatory markers were studied in the muscle and plasma of mdx mice, and mood-associated monoamine and cytokine concentrations were measured in the amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, striatum, hypothalamus and midbrain. The mdx mice exhibited increased levels of anxiety and depressive-like behaviour compared with wild-type mice. Amitriptyline treatment had anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in mdx mice associated with elevations in serotonin levels in the amygdala and hippocampus. Inflammation in mdx skeletal muscle tissue was also reduced following amitriptyline treatment as indicated by decreased immune cell infiltration of muscle and lower levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to draw on the agent-system model of (in)justice and negative norm of reciprocity of social exchange theory to examine the indirect impact of supervisory interactional injustice (i.e. interpersonal and informational) on employees’ target-specific extra-role work behaviours [counterproductive work behaviour directed at supervisor (CWB-S) and organisational citizenship behaviour directed at supervisor (OCB-S)] via distrust in supervisor. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a two-wave study, and participants (n = 401) were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk using a survey methodology. Bias-corrected confidence intervals (CIs) constructed in 20,000 bootstrap samples were used to test the mediation effects. Findings The findings indicated that interpersonal and informational injustice are positively related to employees’ distrust in supervisor. Furthermore, interpersonal and informational injustice indirectly affected CWB-S and OCB-S via distrust in supervisor. Research limitations/implications Several limitations and future research should be discussed. First, the cross-sectional nature of this study prevented us from establishing the causal direction implied by the mediation models in this research. Second, the authors cannot rule out the potential for common method variance. These limitations can be addressed by collecting data from multiple sources (e.g. supervisor and coworkers) at different points in time or by experimental study design. Lastly, the authors did not consider contextual variables (e.g. formal policies, practices, ethical rules and cultural climate) that may influence the proposed relationships’ strengths and directions. Practical implications Even though perceptions of distributive and procedural injustice can affect employee deviant behaviours targeted at the organisation and organisational members, the present findings suggest that practitioners should be aware that perceptions of supervisory interactional injustice (i.e. interpersonal and informational) are likely be requited with employees’ extra-role work behaviours targeted at the supervisor. The present findings suggest that, via distrust in supervisor, employees are likely to engage in more CWB-S and fewer OCB-S as a result of supervisory interactional injustice. Considering the costs associated with high CWB-S and low OCB-S, supervisors should be trained in adhering to interactional justice rules. Additionally, supervisors should be mindful and practice caution when interacting with subordinates, to ensure that interactional justice norms are not violated. Lastly, supervisors can seek feedback from subordinates regarding their perceptions of supervisory interactional injustice, as these assessments will allow the supervisors to adapt their behaviours to impede subordinates’ deviant behaviours aimed towards them. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on organisational injustice and workplace behaviour. First, most injustice research assumes that injustice is the opposite of justice; this study examines the effect of interactional injustice. Second, the authors develop a target-specific model focusing on the interactions between two key organisational stakeholders (i.e. supervisors and employees). The authors suggest that supervisor’s disrespect and untruthfulness towards the employee will eventually result in employee revenge (i.e. CWB-S) and lack of cooperation (i.e. OCB-S) towards supervisor. Finally, the authors examine the mechanism (i.e. distrust in supervisor) through which supervisory interactional injustice may ensue in employee extra-role behaviours directed at the supervisor.
Digitalization has infiltrated all sides of modern culture today. One of the most important aspects of making this procedure secure is authentication. Cyber criminals are putting in a lot of effort to break into existing network channels and launch destructive assaults. When it comes to businesses, information is a valuable resource. The question here is how to safeguard crucial information. This takes into account a variety of features of a society that is commonly referred to as hyper connected, such as online communication, purchasing, access rights control, and so on. We shall cover the ideas of MFA and KBA, or Multi-Factor Authentication and Knowledge Based Authentication, in this study article. The goal of MFA and KBA is to be utilised for human-to-machine interactions, providing an easy-to-use and secure validation mechanism while gaining access to the service. We will also look into the existing and evolving factor suppliers (sensors) that are used to authenticate a user in this study. This is a critical tool for safeguarding data against malicious insiders and outsiders. The basic purpose of access management is to give authorised users access to a service while simultaneously preventing unauthorised users from accessing it. To ensure access management, a variety of strategies can be used. In this paper, we will cover various strategies for ensuring enterprise-ready access management, with a particular emphasis on multifactor authentication. We'll also discuss how knowledge-based authentication fits into multi-factor authentication and how it may help businesses protect their data from cyber-attacks. Finally, we'll talk about the future of MFA and KBA.
With the increase in technology, the current use of mobile phones is increasing with a rigorous amount and so we need to assure that the information stored in our cell phones is secure and is not being misused. The apps when installed in Android do not provide high level security to the information present in our cell phones and thus the implementation of SELinux helps in securing the information more effectively. Android being a Linux based system can support SELinux and thus provide users with a robust Mandatory Access Control (MAC) to ensure full system security. It not only provides flexible security but also helps in reduction of performance overhead only by implementing a limited chip area.
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