Nine isolates of Trichoderma spp. were isolated from different agro- ecological regions of Nepal viz; Jumla, Palpa, Chitwan, Tarahara, Banke, Illam and Salyan and screened against Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Adreded soil borne phytopathogen causing collar rot of chickpea in chickpea; In-vitro efficacy of nine fungal antagonist (Trichoderma spp.) against Sclerotium rolfsii were screened. Pot experiment was done to find out the effective management of S. rolfsi through Tricoderma using different methods i.e. Seed treatment, soil drenching and soil application. All the tested isolates of Trichoderma spp. were found effective on mycelial growth inhibition and sclerotial parasitization of S. rolfsii. Trichoderma isolated from Palpa district showed maximum growth inhibition (%) of pathogen periodically after 48(93.78%), 72(96.00%), 96(97.96%) and 120(100.00%) hours of inoculation. Parasitized sclerotium showed minimum sclerotial germination on agar plates. Moreover, Trichoderma species isolated from Palpa districts showed second best percent mycelial growth inhibition periodically at 72(25.00%), 120(29.16%), 168(29.16%) and 216(29.16%).In pot experiment at 40 days after sowing, Seedling height was maximum in soil drenching with 30g per 100ml of water (22.27cm) and Mortality percentage of seedlings was least or highest disease control was observed in seed treated with 109cfu/ml (0.000%).
Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of Nepal. Climatic conditions of mid hill regions of Nepal having an altitude ranged between 800 to 2100 meter above sea level are conducive for all types of citrus fruit cultivation. Nepal produced 273,000 tons of citrus in 2019 and ranked 43rd in global citrus production. The average productivity was 9.4 mt/ha in 2017/18.Various biotic and abiotic factors are reported to decline productivity of the citrus in Nepal. Poor orchard management, improper manuring and fertilization, including insect pests and diseases are major factors for citrus decline and low productivity of the citrus in Nepal. A literature review was carried out to explore the common diseases of citrus and their management in the context of Nepal. Along with the diseases of citrus, their casual organisms, distribution, epidemiology, intensity, symptoms, survival or spread, environmental factors, losses incurred and integrated management strategies corresponded to citrus diseases of Nepal gathered and compiled thoroughly from different literature and websites. Different 16 fungal diseases, 42 viruses, 7 bacterial diseases and some nematodes causing diseases on citrus in addition to this many diseases are reported to attack citrus crops in Nepal. Citrus greening (HLB), Phytopthora induced diseases, citrus canker, citrus tristeza, twig blight, powdery mildew etc. are major yield limiting diseases of citrus. Anthracnose, sooty mould, pink disease, gummosis, scab disease, citrus root nematodes, ‘Ainjeru’ are the other diseases for declining citrus production and its quality. Citrus greening and citrus tristeza are major casual agents for rapid decline and citrus root nematode is considered as casual factor for slow decline of citrus.
Appropriate combinations of inputs determine the productivity of crops. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different combinations of inputs on the yield of winter maize at National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications comprising of six treatments (T1= Hybrid (H) + recommended doses of NPK (RD) + irrigation (I) + high density (HD) (83333 plant ha-1) + improved weed management practice (IWMP), T2=Open pollinated variety (OPV)+RD+I+HD+IWMP, T3=OPV+ farmer’s doses of NPK (FD)+I+HD+IWMP, T4= OPV+FD+rainfed (R)+HD+IWMP, T5=OPV+ FD+ R+low density (LD) (55555 plant ha-1) + IWMP, T6=OPV+FD+R+LD+ farmer’s weed management practice (FWMP). The research result revealed significant variation on the grain yield among the different treatments. The highest grain yield (5357 kg ha-1) was obtained when hybrid maize was grown with recommended dose of fertilizer, higher density, irrigation and improved weed management practices. This treatment was followed by replacement of OPV in the above treatment (4410.77 kg ha-1). The decline in yield due to replacement of OPV from hybrid was 17.67 percent. The percent yield decline from full Package of practices (T1) were 23.01, 47.81, 36.66 and 35.95 when input combinations OPV+FD+I+ HD+IWMP, OPV + FD+R+HD+IWMP, OPV+FD+R+LD+IWMP and OPV+FD+R+LD+ FWMP respectively were used..The contrast for grain yield between hybrid vs. OPV, RD vs. FD and Irrigated vs. Rainfed were significant. Therefore, present investigation showed hybrid maize, recommended dose of fertilizer and irrigation were the most important inputs for improving maize productivity in winter season in Chitwan like climatic condition.
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