This article aims to analyze the changing Le Fort fracture patterns using computed tomography (CT) scans with three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. A prospective observational study was conducted on 60 patients with midface trauma, who had reported to MS Ramaiah Group of Hospitals, Bangalore, between January 2015 and October 2016. CT scans using 1.6 mm axial, sagittal, coronal sections were taken and their 3D reconstruction was made. The images were studied and compared with the standard Le Fort lines. The deviations from the classical Le Fort lines were analyzed and recorded. A note was also made of any additional fixation that was required for these deviations. Descriptive analysis was done and the results expressed in numbers and percentages. Study revealed that the most common cause for the midface fractures was found to be road traffic accidents (81.7%) with a male preponderance (88.3%) and peak incidence in 21 to 30 years of age (40%). Among the 60 patients, 18 (30%) patients had fracture patterns similar to the ideal Le Fort lines, 4 (6.6%) had a combination of Le Fort patterns, and 38 (66.3%) patients had deviations seen from the ideal Le Fort lines. Four types of deviations were recorded, namely, D1(60%), D2(5.4%), D3(10.9%), and D4(23.6%). It was observed that D1 and D3 required additional fixation. Majority of the cases presented as a deviation from ideal Le Fort fractures. CT was a valuable tool in the assessment of these fracture patterns. Deviations, if any, could be better analyzed using the 3D reconstruction images. Proper diagnosis and detection of these deviations make the planning for fixation easier. Repetition of these deviations could propose a newer or modified classification system for Le Fort fractures.

Recurrent throat pain, “foreign body” sensation, difficulty in swallowing, or vague facial pain is many times caused by the presence of an elongated styloid process. Many times, this condition is misdiagnosed and the patient is treated for facial neuralgia. But once Eagle’s syndrome is confirmed by clinical and radiological examination, the treatment is always surgical resection. The approach maybe intraoral or extraoral. In this paper, we present a case of Eagle’s syndrome caused by bilateral elongation of the styloid process and where surgical resection of the same gave instant permanent relief for the patient.

Combinatorial test design model consists of parameters, values and the associated constraints. This model is the input for test generators. In this paper we present a rule based approach for deriving combinatorial test design model from UML activity diagrams resulting from requirement analysis. We have explored this approach on few sample cases.Our initial results suggest that this automated approach augmented with manual review and refinement step can make the test design task less effort intensive and more effective.

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The major objective of the work is to explore the mechanical properties of biphasic calcium phosphates (BCP), a biomaterial derived from marine resources like prawn (Fenneropenaeus Indicus) shell biowaste through wet chemical treatment of CaO. We report the BCP, a mixture of hydroxyapatite and octa calcium phosphate from prawn shell biowaste using wet chemical synthesis at 80°C under pH 10. XRD of BCP revealed the coexistence of secondary phases like β-TCP and α-TCP along with HA upon sintering at different temperatures. Furthermore, the SEM and EDS opened well-sintered uniaxial grains and the presence of trace elements like Fe, Mg, Si, and Na. The specimens sintered at 1100°C showed the highest compression strength of 56.8 MPa due to MgO at the grain boundaries, which plays an important role in grain boundary diffusion. Therefore, the prawn shell biowaste-derived BCP has good mechanical properties, making them suitable materials for high-strength bone substitutes.