Depression is defined as a cluster of specific symptoms with associated impairment affecting 7.4% of the adolescents globally. As part of the systematic review, around 1000 relevant articles published between January 1978 and December 2017 were identified by systematic online search from 6 electronic databases (PubMed, PsycInfo, Science Direct, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar) and overall, 56 relevant studies were included in the current review as per the inclusion criteria. Findings highlight the potential importance of the relationship between healthy dietary patterns or quality and positive mental health throughout life span. Various nutrition and dietary compounds have been suggested to be involved in the onset maintenance and severity of depressive symptoms and disorders. Nutritional compounds might modulate depression associated biomarkers. In this context, several healthy foods such as olive oil, fish, nuts, legumes, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables have been inversely associated with the risk of depression and might also improve symptoms. In contrast western dietary patterns including the consumption of sweetened beverages, fried foods, processed meats, baked products have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of depression in longitudinal studies. Diet and nutrition offer key modifiable targets for the prevention of mental disorders. Evidence is steadily growing for the relation between nutrition deficiencies, diet quality and mental health and for the efficacy and use of nutritional supplements to address deficiencies or as augmentation therapies. We advocate recognition of diet and nutrition as crucial factors in prevention and management of mental disorders.

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Background: Nature-based social prescribing programmes such as "bluespace prescription" may promote public health and health improvement of individuals with long-term conditions. However, there is limited systematically synthesised evidence that investigates the contexts and mechanisms of Bluespace Prescription Programmes (BPPs) that could inform programme theories for policy and practice. Methods: We conducted a realist review by searching six databases for articles published between January 2000 and February 2020, in English, about health and social care professionals providing referral to or prescription of blue space activities with health-related outcomes. We developed themes of contextual factors by analysing the contexts of BPPs. We used these contextual factors to develop programme theories describing the mechanisms of BPP implementation. Our study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020170660). Results: Fifteen studies with adequate to strong quality were included from 6,736 records. Service users had improvements on their physical, mental, social health, and environmental knowledge after participating in BPPs referred to or prescribed by health and social care professionals. Patient-related contextual factors were referral information, free equipment and transportation, social support, blue space environments, and skills of service providers. Intervention-related contextual factors were communication, multi-stakeholder collaboration, financing, and adequate service providers. Programme theories on patient enrolment, engagement, adherence, communication protocols, and long-term programme sustainability described the mechanisms of BPP implementation. Conclusion: BPPs could support health and social care services if contextual factors influencing patients and intervention delivery are considered for implementation. Our findings have implications in planning, development, and implementation of similar nature-based social prescribing programmes in health and social care settings. Keywords: sustainable healthcare, social prescribing, blue spaces, bluespace prescriptions

Nature-based social prescribing such as “blue prescription” promotes public health and health improvement of individuals with long-term health conditions. However, there is limited evidence explaining the relationship of contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes of implementing blue prescription programmes (BPPs) in health and social care settings that could inform policy and practice. We conducted a systematic realist review by searching PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, Scopus, MEDLINE, and CINAHL for articles published in English between January 2000 and June 2022 about health and social care professionals providing referral to or prescription of blue space activities (e.g., swimming, fishing, surfing, etc.) with health-related outcomes. Components and descriptions of BPP implementation were extracted and used to develop themes of contextual factors used to develop programme theories and a logic model demonstrating the mechanisms of BPP implementation. Sixteen studies with adequate to strong quality were included from 8,619 records. After participating in BPPs referred to or prescribed by health and social care professionals, service users had improvements in their physical, cognitive (mental), social health, and proenvironmental knowledge. Service user-related contextual factors were referral information, free equipment, transportation, social support, blue space environments, and skills of service providers. Programme-related contextual factors were communication, multistakeholder collaboration, financing, and adequate service providers. Programme theories on service user enrolment, engagement, adherence, communication protocols, and programme sustainability explain the mechanisms of BPP implementation. BPPs could promote health and wellbeing if contextual factors and programme theories associated with service users’ characteristics and programme delivery are considered in the design, delivery, and evaluation of BPPs. Our study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020170660).

Background: In order to understand eating behaviour of adolescents, insight into determinants of intake is necessary. Research has shown that anxiety and depression are associated with an increased risk for diabetes

Objectives The present research was designed to study the prevalence & association of depression & anxiety with anthropometric, dietary and psychological risk factors among adolescent boys & girls studying in public schools of Delhi. Methods 546 adolescents participated in this cross-sectional study. Child Behaviour Checklist was used to assess depression and anxiety symptoms. Data pertaining to sociodemographic profile (pre-tested), eating behavior (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire), body image perception and locus of control (standardized questionnaire), dietary intake (two day 24 hour recall and food frequency questionnaire), and anthropometric parameters (BMI and body fat%) were collected and statistically analysed. Results Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms was 33.51% and 27.47% respectively. As per the multi-variable regression models, subjects who reported cognitive restrained eating (OR:1.41 95% CI: 1.17–1.71 P = 0.0004) and emotional eating behavior (OR:1.18 95% CI: 1.05–1.33 P = 0.0041) had statistically significant higher odds for developing depressive symptoms. In males, subjects who were skipping breakfast (OR: 19.19 95% CI: 3.83–96.20 P = 0.0003) and were not consuming milk in breakfast (OR: 0.14 95% CI: 0.05–0.36 P = < 0.0001) had significantly higher odds of getting depressed. In females, weight management practices was a significant psychological predictors of depression symptoms. Female subjects who were skipping their meals, especially breakfast (OR: 43.10 95% CI: 1.44 - 1292.10 P = 0.0301) had significantly higher odds of getting depressed than the non-skippers. Deviation from the normal weight category was significant predictor of depressive symptoms in male and female subjects. Underweight (OR:118.46 95% CI:31.92–439.62 P = < 0.0001), overweight and obese (OR:37.21 95% CI:14.14–97.88 P = < 0.0001) males had significantly higher odds of getting depressed. Body fat % was also a significant predictor of depressive symptoms in male adolescents (P = 0.0079). Female subjects in underweight, overweight and obese categories also had significantly higher odds of getting depressed. Similar pattern of associations and risk factors were also reported for anxiety symptoms. Conclusions The study serve as a strategic tool for mental health prevention & management policies designed for adolescents. Funding Sources UGC.

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Objectives: The present study was designed with the objective to study the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among adolescents and to explore the association of these disorders with Body Mass Index. Settings and Design: School setting and Cross-Sectional study design. Participants: 546 adolescents, aged 13-15 years, studying in public schools (n=5) in Delhi (Purposive sampling). Methods and Material: Anthropometric measurements: Height of the subjects was measured using a stadiometer in cm (to nearest 0.5cm). Weight was assessed using TANITA’s Body Fat Monitor (UM-076). After gathering height and weight data, BMI (kg/m2) Z scores were calculated and classified into four categories: Underweight, Normal weight, Overweight and Obesity based on WHO’s growth standards for BMI for age cutoffs. Mental Health Assessment: For this purpose, we used the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for ages 6-18 years; parent report version. Results: A V shaped curve (trend) was observed between the association of depression and anxiety scores in four BMI categories; with majority of the malnourished adolescents having higher scores for depression and anxiety symptoms. It was interesting to note that any deviation from normal weight, either underweight or overweight/obese was significantly associated with depression (p = <0.001) and anxiety (p = <0.001) scores. Conclusions: The study emphasizes the association between body weight and depression and anxiety symptoms among adolescents studying in public schools of Delhi. It adds to the growing body of research in the area of nutritional psychiatry which needs to be promoted for the prevention and management of these disorders through a healthy diet.