On the basis of the selected papers, several optimization and evaluation metrics are used to perform a comparative analysis of scalable machine-learning algorithms for big data. The optimization metrics used are sampling, indexing, intelligent partitioning, special data structure, in-memory computation, and asynchronous execution. The performance metrics used are number of MapReduce jobs, speedup, accuracy, and scalability. The performance metrics also include the data source validation check and the comparative analysis of the algorithm with the base technique, which are the effectiveness indicators of the assumption and results made in the algorithm. Scalable machine-learning algorithms were evaluated on these metrics to perform a comparative analysis.
Social network has got its importance in current developing society as it is able to bring people close to each other. The closeness which is achieved has its own advantages and disadvantages in term of security breach which can be due to many reasons. We as authors had surveyed the various anonymisation techniques which are applied on social network for privacy preservation which is the need of today's social network setup. We had done an in-depth study of existing literature from various known international journal papers to come up with a framework which will help the various researchers to focus on specific and emerging areas in the field of applying the anonymisation in privacy preservation in social network.
Objective:To study the effectiveness and safety of USG-guided ethanol sclerotherapy in cystic thyroid nodules.Materials and Methods:USG of the thyroid gland was performed in 54 patients suspected to have a thyroid nodule on clinical examination. All patients with a predominantly cystic nodule (i.e., when >2/3rd of the nodule was cystic) were included in the study. Ethanol was injected into the cyst under USG guidance. The amount of ethanol injected was about 50% of the amount of aspirated fluid. Follow-up USG was done every month for 3 months; ethanol was re-injected when there was no significant reduction in the cyst volume. The initial cyst volume was compared with the final volume; statistical significance was assessed using the paired t-test.Results:USG revealed predominant cystic nodules in 16 of the 54 patients. Fifteen patients were selected for the study. Following ethanol sclerotherapy, four out of the 15 patients (26.6%) showed complete disappearance of the cyst and nine (60%) showed significant reduction in the cyst volume (i.e., reduction of cyst volume by ≥50% of initial volume). Only two patients did not show significant reduction in cyst volume; both these patients had nodules with an initial volume of ≥20 cc. There were no complications attributable to ethanol injection during follow-up.Conclusion:Ethanol sclerotherapy is an effective and safe treatment for benign cystic thyroid nodules with volumes of <20 cc. Cystic nodules with volume >20 cc may need more number of alcohol injections and longer follow-up.
The 3D-T-SPACE sequence best demonstrated abnormalities in dural and sulcal spaces, whereas FLAIR was useful for abnormalities in basal cisterns. Both SPACE and FLAIR performed holds good for detection of gyral enhancement. Post-contrast SPACE and FLAIR sequences are superior to the MPRAGE sequence for evaluation of meningeal abnormalities and when used in combination have the maximum sensitivity for leptomeningeal abnormalities. The negative-predictive value is nearly 100%, where no leptomeningeal abnormality was detected on these sequences. Advances in knowledge: Post-contrast 3D-T-SPACE and 3D-T-FLAIR images are more useful than 3D-T-MPRAGE images in evaluation of meningeal abnormalities.
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