Objective: To determine if the clinical and histological features of squamous cell carcinoma associated with proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (p-scca) are distinct from conventional squamous cell carcinoma (c-scca) to better understand patients with proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL).Study Design: A retrospective review of 10 PVL patients (p-scca¼45 cases) and 30 c-scca patients. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies directed against p16, p53 and ki67.Results: P-scca experienced a significantly better clinical outcome; tumor stage (p<0.0001): tumor size (p<0.0001), lymph node metastasis (p<0.0001), distant metastasis (p<0.0001) and longer average duration of illness. Significant histopathological differences included depth of invasion (p¼0.02) and histological grade (p¼0.01) but not neural invasion (p¼0.06). No significant differences in overall survival (p¼0.7), p53 (p¼0.7), ki67 (p¼0.9) or p16 expression were noted.Conclusions: P-scca are commonly low grade tumors and behave in a more indolent fashion when compared to c-scca. The p53, ki67 and p16 profile of expression do not impact on these differences.Objective: (1) To confirm Akt2 expression in oral cancer cells and (2) to investigate on the mechanisms of Akt2 overexpression in oral cancer cells.Study Design: Oral cancer cell lines and human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) were cultured. Western blot analysis and flow cytometry were employed to evaluate Akt expression in all cell lines. Further, each cell line was treated with cycloheximide, an inhibitor of new protein synthesis and Akt2 expression was subsequently evaluated by flow cytometry. The localization of Akt2 and pAkt was assessed by immunofluorescence.Results: Akt2 was overexpressed in oral cancer cells. When new protein synthesis was blocked by cycloheximide, the degradation rate of Akt2 and pAkt was significantly lower than that in HOKs. Using immunofluorescence technique, Akt2 was intensely stained in cancer cells while Akt2 was minimally expressed in HOKs.Conclusions: Akt2 overexpression in oral cancer cells was clearly demonstrated and may be due to a reduced rate of protein degradation.Objective: The present study was undertaken as a baseline study to evaluate the nuclear diameter (ND), cell diameter (CD) and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N: C) and their variation with age in normal buccal smears of female subjects.Study Design: Buccal smears were collected from 400 apparently healthy individuals and were stained using the standard Papanicolaou laboratory procedure. The CD and ND were measured using a stage micrometer and an ocular micrometer.Results: The results showed an increase in ND and CD from the 5-10 age groups to 15-35 age groups. In the 15-35 age groups, there was a decline in ND and CD when comparing the first and the second half of the menstrual cycle. There was further decline in ND and CD in the 45-60 age groups.Conclusions: Age-related alterations with regard to size and pattern of maturation of cells were observed. This study proves that ageing has profound impa...
Dens invaginatus (DI) and gemination are two developmental abnormalities that are well reported in the dental literature, but their coexistence in a single tooth is rare. Such situations worsen the risk factors associated with these anomalies, and the treatment plan should be customised as they possess altered morphology and anatomy. A 19-year-old girl came for evaluation of a cracked tooth in the front region of the upper jaw. The tooth showed clinical features of gemination and radiographic features of DI, and was diagnosed as DI in geminated maxillary lateral incisor. The differential diagnoses based on clinical appearance without radiographic investigation may warrant the treatment approach if these two abnormalities coexist in a single tooth. The report also highlights the importance of three-dimensional imaging in diagnosis and treatment planning of teeth with altered pulp canal anatomy. There are few reported cases in the literature detailing the treatment options for these two anomalies occurring in the same tooth.
Aims:The present study was undertaken as a baseline study to evaluate the nuclear diameter (ND), cell diameter (CD) and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N:C) and their variation with age in normal buccal smears of female subjects.Materials and Methods:Buccal smears were collected from 400 apparently healthy individuals. After fixation in 95% alcohol, the smears were stained using the standard Papanicolaou laboratory procedure. The CD and ND were measured using a stage micrometer and an ocular micrometer. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the one-way analysis of variance to evaluate the difference in the ND, CD and N:C with age in females. Multiple range tests by Tukey-honestly significant difference procedure were performed to evaluate the significance between various age groups.Results:The results showed an increase in ND and CD from the 5-10 age groups to 15-35 age groups. In the 15-35 age groups, there was a decline in ND and CD when comparing the first and the second half of the menstrual cycle, but the difference was not significant. There was further decline in ND and CD in the 45-60 age groups. Variations were also seen in ratio N: C. Pattern of exfoliation also varied in each age group.Conclusion:Age-related alterations are observed in buccal smears.
Smokeless tobacco is used orally or nasally without burning tobacco. This is equally harmful as smokers due to the tobacco content and can cause oral cancer as well as systemic effects such as nicotinic dependence. Many other oral conditions have also been reported in association with smokeless tobacco. This paper presents features of tobacco pouch keratosis and aims to highlight the oral effects of smokeless tobacco, management, and guidelines for dentists in educating and counselling tobacco users.
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