Oxidative stress caused by an imbalanced metabolism and an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) lead to a range of health disorders in humans. Our endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms and our dietary intake of antioxidants potentially regulate our oxidative homeostasis. Numerous synthetic antioxidants can effectively improve defense mechanisms, but because of their adverse toxic effects under certain conditions, preference is given to natural compounds. Consequently, the requirements for natural, alternative sources of antioxidant foods identified in edible mushrooms, as well as the mechanistic action involved in their antioxidant properties, have increased rapidly. Chemical composition and antioxidant potential of mushrooms have been intensively studied. Edible mushrooms might be used directly in enhancement of antioxidant defenses through dietary supplementation to
OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2015, 20 19490 reduce the level of oxidative stress. Wild or cultivated, they have been related to significant antioxidant properties due to their bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, vitamins, carotenoids and minerals. Antioxidant and health benefits, observed in edible mushrooms, seem an additional reason for their traditional use as a popular delicacy food. This review discusses the consumption of edible mushrooms as a powerful instrument in maintaining health, longevity and life quality.
Different conventional (maceration and heat-assisted extraction) and new alternative techniques (ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extractions) have been developed for the extraction of polyphenols compounds from different plant sources. Novel procedures have established with the aim to reduce the extraction time and solvent consumption, as well as to increase polyphenols yield and to improve extract quality. A critical review was conducted to introduce and compare traditional and modern procedures applied for extraction of bioactive polyphenols compounds. This review focuses on the different techniques of polyphenols extraction, discussing their operating conditions, mechanism, choice of particle size and solvent, solid/solvent ratio, extraction time, advantages/disadvantages and effectiveness. Finally, potential application of these extraction procedures in polyphenols isolation is reviewed.
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