Most of the synthetic chemical transformation reactions involve the use of different organic solvents. Unfortunately, some of these toxic solvents are used in chemical laboratory, industry and have been considered a very serious problem for the health, safety of workers and environmental damage through pollution. The purpose of green chemistry is to provide a path that reduces or eliminates the use of such hazardous toxic solvents. Therefore, the key factor of the green synthetic approach is to utilize renewable materials, nontoxic chemical and to perform the reactions under solvent-free conditions. In this review, we have discussed most recent literature survey on applications of solvent-free techniques in organic synthesis which would offer a new opportunity to a researcher to overcome the problem of using environmental harmful solvents.

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A series of fourteen chalcone was synthesized via. Claisen-Schmidt condensation between substituted 2-hydroxyl acetonaphthones and substituted benzaldehyde in presence of tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4) catalyst. The reaction was carried out by conventional method using 2methoxyethanol. The procedure is simple and efficient in terms of reaction time, easy workup and isolation of products and yields. In-vitro all these synthesized compounds were screened and evaluated for the cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity. It was found that these compounds had significant cytotoxic activity in comparison with standard 5-flurouracil. The compounds 3a, 3b, 3h, 3f and 3l were screened by MTT assay against liver cancer cell line-HepG2. Among these, the compound 3b and 3c showed LC50 values of 997.14 μM/ml and 284.13 μM/ml., respectively. The remaining compounds did not display the LC50 values. The compound 3l displayed the strongest cytotoxic activities with IC50 value of 91.85 μg/ml against liver cancer cell line. The Chalcone 3a, 3f, 3h and 3e demonstrated excellent antimicrobial activity and the remaining were moderately active against tested pathogens. The antimicrobial effects of all the tested compounds are due to the presence of pharmacological active substituent in the basic nucleus of Chalcones. Therefore, the present study leads to the development of new class of anticancer and antimicrobial inhibitory candidates.

A series of binary metal complexes [halo, hydroxyl and methoxy sub-stituted bis (2-(E) acryloyl)naphthalen-1-yl)oxy)Cu(II) and Zn(II) (C1-C10)] of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions derived from bi-coordinated hydroxylated 1,3-diaryl-2- -propene-1-ones were synthesized. The newly synthesized metal complexes were structurally determined by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13CNMR, ESR spectral, XRD and TGA analysis. The FT-IR and ESR studies demonstrated that interactions between metal ions with ligands occur through carbonyl oxygen and deprotonated hydroxyl oxygen and corresponds to square-planar geometry for all complexes. In-vitro the metal complexes were screened and evaluated for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. The complexes C1 and C4 showed the significant antimicrobial activity while the remaining complexes were showed the moderately antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens. The complexes were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against the organism Artemia salina. The complexes C2, C3, C4 and C5 were showed the LC50 values as 630.45, 969.99, 921.94 and 918.41 ?M mL-1 respectively. Further complexes were evaluated for anticancer activity against liver cancer cell line (Hep G2) in comparison with 5-fluorouracil standard. The complex C5 showed the significant IC50 value 58.94 ?g mL-1. Therefore the present study is useful to develop the new class of antimicrobial and anticancer agents.

Background: The various industrial processes have diverse effect on environment through pollution. In view of these observations, some environmentally benign synthetically protocols have developed under green chemistry. For rapid and sustainable synthesis the microwave irradiation (MI) has gained popularity as a powerful tool compared to conventional synthesis. The present study describes the synthesis of novel substituted 1, 3-diaryl-2-propene-1-one derivative using alumina supported K3PO4-MWI combination. Objective: Chalcones are the important compounds and widely spread in nature such as in fruits, vegetables, tea, spices etc. The 2’-hydroxy derivative of chalcones play an important role in synthesis of bioactive compounds. The present communication deals with a convenient and rapid synthesis of 1, 3-diaryl-2-propene-1-one under the support of alumia-tripotassium phosphate and microwave irradiation. Our efforts are focused on the introduction of typical and easier route for synthesis of title compounds using microwave. All synthesized chalcones have been screened and evaluated for the antioxidant activity by DPPH and nitric oxide radical scavenging. Some of these compounds found to be more potent scavengers and may lead to the development of new class of antioxidants. Method: The α, β-unsaturated carbonyl functionality contain two electrophilic centers allowing them to undergo addition and cyclisation reaction with different nucleophiles. In the literature survey, we found that Chalcones were synthesized using tripotassium phosphate catalyst under refluxing by conventional method. A novel method for the synthesis of 1, 3-diaryl-2-propene-1-one via Claisen –Schmidt has been introduced by reacting substituted 2’- hydroxyl acetonaphthones with substituted aromatic aldehydes under the support of basic alumina –tripotassium phosphate via microwave radiations. Formation of corresponding Chalcones was confirmed by spectral studies followed by their screening for antioxidant activity. The scavenging activity is expressed in terms of % inhibition and IC50 value (μg/ml). Results: The structures of newly synthesized Chalcones were confirmed and in good agreement with obtained spectral analysis such as IR, NMR, Mass and elemental analysis. Commercially available basic alumina and tripotassium phosphate in combination of microwave were utilized and found to be effective, convenient route for the synthesis of 1, 3-diaryl-2-propene-1-one derivatives with desirable yields in short reaction time (5-12 min). The results of antioxidant activity revealed that the IC50 value for compounds 3a, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3j, 3l and 3nare lower than that of standard ascorbic acid to scavenge DPPH radical. This indicates that these compounds are more significant scavenger in comparison with standard drug. On the other hand the compounds 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3g, 3l and 3n are more potent scavenger for NO free radical. Conclusion: We have introduced an efficient, ecofriendly, simple and fast microwave assisted method using basic alumina-tripotassium phosphate for synthesis of 1, 3-diaryl-2-propene-1-one derivatives. Microwave irradiation provides an effective way for the preparation of Chalcones in terms of several advantages as simple procedure, short reaction time, milder reaction condition, cleaner reaction and excellent yield. The scavenging activity of chalcones against DPPH and NO free radicals showed excellent properties of antioxidants.

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Background:: Iodination of organic substrate is an important reaction for synthesis of pharmacological active molecules. Methods:: In view of these concerns, we reported the convenient procedure for synthesis of iodo compounds using iodine and iodic acid in PEG-400.We have reported the eco-friendly procedure for preparation of aromatic iodo compounds using iodine and iodic acid in green reaction media as polyethylene glycol (PEG-400). Results:: The iodination of some aromatic compounds such as benzaldehydes, acetophenones, phenols, amines and heterocyclic compounds carried out using iodine, iodic acid and PEG-400. The synthesized substituted aromatic iodo compounds were confirmed based on spectral characterization and mixed melting points. Conclusion:: The method comprises several advantages such as simple reaction procedure, easy isolation, quantitative yields, and purity of iodo products.

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