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Interest in biochar production from organic waste has been growing in recent years due to its broad applicability, availability, and smoother production. Biochar production techniques are being continuously modernized to improve the production rate and quality. Though numerous methods have been reported in the recent past, a systematic classification of the same is yet to be explored. Based on the advancement of the techniques being employed for biochar production and modification of conventional methods, we have categorized all major techniques of biochar production into two primary classes. In the traditional approach, ancient methods and conventional pyrolysis techniques (Slow and Fast pyrolysis) are included, whereas, in modern approaches, several advanced technologies such as Gasification, Torrefaction, Hydrothermal carbonization, Electro-modification, along with modified traditional methods (Flash pyrolysis, Vacuum pyrolysis, and Microwave pyrolysis) are comprised. Further, the systematic review was intended to evaluate various types of feedstocks (agricultural biomass, forest/woody biomass, aquatic biomass, urban waste, and paper waste) with their potential to produce biochar. It was observed that the feedstock containing high cellulose was found to be helpful in improving the overall properties of biochar, including enhanced adsorptive action and retention of nutrients.

In situ immobilization of laccase into metal‐organic framework (laccase‐MOF) was performed by assisting one‐pot synthesis strategy. A novel method to synthesize octahedral laccase‐MOF composite with enhanced thermostability is reported. The present work deals with entrapment of laccase into zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐8) by simply mixing solution of zinc acetate, 2‐methylimidazole, and laccase at room temperature (28 ± 2 °C). Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Confocal scanning microscopy were employed to characterize laccase‐MOF composite. The thermostability of prepared composite was assessed concerning half‐life at varying temperatures which conferred 3.6‐fold enhancement over free enzyme. Also, kinetic studies of immobilized laccase showed a slightly higher Km and lower Vmax values along with the enhancement of thermodynamic parameters after non‐covalent interaction. Moreover, the immobilized laccase‐MOF maintained up to 48% of residual activity for seven subsequent cycles in batch mode, whereas the storage stability studies exhibited up to 83% up to 21 days of storage. Finally, FT‐IR data tool was employed to investigate the effect of encapsulation on fractions of secondary structure of protein.

17 Isolation and enumeration of Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) from human blood has a huge 18 significance in diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. Utilization of the unique microscale flow 19 phenomena called microfluidics offers ability to efficiently isolate CTCs from other 20 haematological cells. The improvement in microfluidic technology allows time and cost 21 efficient isolation of CTCs in a continuous manner utilising only up to nano-or micro-litres 22 samples. This technology could potentially lead to the fabrication of cheap, disposable and 23 transparent devices for sorting and molecular examination of even single cell. Additionally, 24 the potential to physically entrap and capture rare CTCs in microfluidic devices can eliminate 25 the need of expensive antibodies normally used for immune capturing of these rare cells 26 which would further reduce the cost of operation. During the last few years, several 27innovative and intricate microfluidic designs to isolate and capture these extremely rare cells 28 from the whole blood samples without using specific antibodies have been published. Herein, 29we review the recent literature on exploiting physical characteristics of tumour cells to 30 efficiently isolate them from billion other cells and discuss the intricate design perspective of 31 microfluidic devices for efficient in-vitro cancer diagnosis and prognosis. 32

A reversible chemosensor for the development of a multi-input molecular logic gate was shown.

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