CNS immune defenses are marshalled and dominated by brain resident macrophages and microglia, which are the innate immune sentinels and frontline host immune barriers against various pathogenic insults. These myeloid lineage cells are the predominant immune population in gliomas, and can constitute up to 30–50% of the total cellular composition. Parenchymal microglial cells and recruited monocyte-derived macrophages from the periphery exhibit disease specific phenotypic characteristics with spatial and temporal distinctions and are heterogeneous subpopulations based on their molecular signatures. A preponderance of myeloid over lymphoid lineage cells during CNS inflammation, including gliomas, is a contrasting feature of brain immunity relative to peripheral immunity. Herein we discuss glioma associated macrophage and microglia immune biology in the context of their identity, molecular drivers of recruitment, nomenclature and functional paradoxes, therapeutic reprogramming and polarization strategies, relevant challenges, and our perspectives on therapeutic modulation.

Tissue macrophages exhibit diverse functions, ranging from the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, including clearance of senescent erythrocytes and cell debris, to modulation of inflammation and immunity. Their contribution to the control of blood-stage malaria remains unclear. Here, we show that in the absence of tissue-resident CD169(+) macrophages, Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection results in significantly increased parasite sequestration, leading to vascular occlusion and leakage and augmented tissue deposition of the malarial pigment hemozoin. This leads to widespread tissue damage culminating in multiple organ inflammation. Thus, the capacity of CD169(+) macrophages to contain the parasite burden and its sequestration into different tissues and to limit infection-induced inflammation is crucial to mitigating Plasmodium infection and pathogenesis.

Highlights d Loss of embryonically established resident macrophages during malaria d Inflammatory monocytes replenish spleen and liver F4/80 hi macrophages d Alveolar macrophages refill their numbers by self-renewal d Post-entry monocytes gain the characteristics of fetalderived macrophages

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Cell- and gene-based therapies form one of the pillars of regenerative medicine. They have the potential to transform quality of life and improve the health status of patients with genetic and cellular defects, including genetic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and tissue malignancies, amongst others. Despite numerous challenges, in the last decade, tremendous unified efforts by research and clinical scientists in academic, translational and industry settings have resulted in tangible outcomes in the form of many marketing authorizations and approved commercial firsts, such as Glybera®, Kymriah®, YESCARTA®, Holoclar®, and Luxturna™. This report presents a succinct analysis of developments in the regenerative medicine landscape, including immuno-oncology, with a focus on the European Union and examples of clinical and commercial successes and failures. The factors that led to these exciting developments in immune-oncology are also considered. Concurrently, several key issues, spanning from the identification of unmet clinical need, associated challenges, economic evaluation to policy improvements are emphasized. Furthermore, industry insights encompassing the five-dimensional research and development framework for the focused development of medicine, pricing and reimbursement issues, technology adoption and permeation of innovative advanced therapy medicinal products in the clinical set up are reflected upon, following elaborate discussions that transpired in different thematic tracks of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine International Society European Chapter 2017 Industry Symposium.