One of the serious complications during a routine endodontic procedure is accidental ingestion/aspiration of the endodontic instruments, which can happen when proper isolation is not done. There are at present no clear guidelines whether foreign body ingestion in the gastrointestinal tract should be managed conservatively, endoscopically or surgically. A 5 year old boy reported to the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, D.A. Pandu Memorial R.V. Dental College, Bangalore, India, with a complaint of pain and swelling in the lower right back teeth region. Endodontic therapy was planned for the affected tooth. During the course of treatment the child accidentally swallowed a 21 mm 15 size K file. Endoscopy was performed immediately but the instrument could not be retrieved. The instrument passed out uneventfully along with the stools 48 h after ingestion. Careful evaluation of the patient immediately after the accident helps in managing the patient effectively along with following the recommended guidelines.

Both polymer bur and Carie-Care were efficient caries removal agents when assessed clinically and microbiologically. Polymer bur was found to be more effective than Carie-Care when assessed microbiologically.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder, characterized by extremely short attention span, impulsivity with resultant behavioral problems. They are prone to trauma and frequent dental injuries. The behavioral issues, cognitive deficits, and short attention span pose a challenge to the dental health team. Management of these children requires several modifications in approach at all levels of prevention and treatment. This study reviews all the pertinent oral health issues in these children and also presents the case report of a 14-year-old boy diagnosed with ADHD.How to cite this article: Sinha S, Praveen P, Rani SP, Anantharaj A. Pedodontic Considerations in a Child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Literature Review and a Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(3):254-259.

An 8-year-old female patient (proband) reported to the Department of Paediatric Dentistry with a chief complaint of multiple decayed teeth in lower left quadrant of the jaw. The patients past medical history and the family history were not significant. It was patient's first visit to a dentist. Extra-oral examination revealed no abnormalities. Intraoral examination, revealed grossly decayed teeth in relation to 54, 65, 74 and hypo plastic teeth in relation to 64 and 84. The proband (III: 9) Orthopantomographic (OPG) examination revealed agenesis of 18 teeth including third molars. The missing teeth were 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 33, 35, 37, 38, 43, 45, 47,. The panoramic radiograph also revealed a few developing permanent teeth in relation to 14, 24, 16 and 26. The teeth present were reduced in size, shape. Interviews revealed missing teeth were not extracted and were absence since childhood. Clinical examination of her siblings and the mother showed to have a similar problem. pedigree chartProbands three generation familial pedigree chart was drawn. Probands both parents side pedigree chart was drawn separately. Probands grandparents of both side were no longer lived, so history of missing teeth could not be assessed, excluding them the entire members in the family (25members) were examined clinically. Except for the proband, her siblings and her mother, no one else in the entire family had any history of congenitally missing teeth [Table/ Fig-2].Probands father (II:7) aged 50 years did not have any missing teeth and mother (II:8) of age 38 years had retained teeth in relation to 63, and congenitally missing teeth in relation to 12, 18, 22, 28, 38,. Probands brother (III:7) of age 17 years was examined clinically and radiographically which revealed retained primary teeth in relation to 52, 53, 62, 71, 72, 73, 75, 81, 82, and congenitally missing permanent teeth 12, 13, 18, 22, 28, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 41, 42, 43 [ Oligodontia is congenital absence of one or more teeth which has familial abnormality and attributable to various mutations or polymorphisms of genes often associated with malformative syndromes. The present case reports a rare case of non syndromic oligodontia in an 8-year-old girl with missing 14 permanent teeth excluding third molars in mixed dentition. It is a rare finding which has not been frequently documented in Indian children. Mutations in MSX1 and PAX9 have been described in families in which inherited oligodontia characteristically involves permanent incisors, lateral incisors, premolars and molars. Our study analysed one large family with dominantly inherited oligodontia clinically and genetically. This phonotype is distinct from oligodontia phenotypes associated with mutations in PAX9. Sequencing of the PAX9 revealed a novel mutation in the paired domain of the molecule. The multiple sequence alignment and SNP analysis of the PAX9 exon 2 revealed two mutations.[

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