Background: Seizures are the most frequent clinical manifestation of central nervous system dysfunction in the newborn with the incidence varying from 1-5%. Neonatal seizures often signal an underlying ominous neurological condition, most commonly hypoxia-ischemia, and others include stroke, intraventricular hemorrhage or intraparenchymal hemorrhage, meningitis, sepsis, and metabolic disorders. Neonatal seizures can permanently disrupt neuronal development, induce synaptic reorganization, alter plasticity and "prime" the brain to increased damage from seizures later in life. The present study was undertaken to delineate the various aspects of neonatal seizures, with special reference to etiology, clinical spectrum, and outcome in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of a tertiary care Hospital.Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was conducted in an NICU of a tertiary care hospital with 65 neonates in the study group for a period of 2 years. Gestational age assessment is done by modified Ballard’s scoring system and detailed neurological assessment was done. Antenatal history of mother, demographic data, and clinical history of neonate was noted and evaluated. Laboratory investigations were done and results noted and outcome was recorded.Results: Subtle seizure was the commonest (40%) clinical seizures in our study followed by tonic (21.5%). Tonic seizures were common in preterm and in full term subtle seizures. Babies with myoclonic seizures had 100% mortality. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy was the commonest cause (41.5%) of mortality in our study. The worst outcome was with CNS malformation (50%). A total of 10 deaths were recorded (15.4%) with maximum association in cases with history of onset 7 days (100%).Conclusions: Neonatal seizures are common and may be the first manifestation of neurological dysfunction after a variety of insults. Seizures may interfere with cardio-respiratory function and nutrition and may have detrimental effects on cerebral development. Global cerebral hypoxia-ischemia is the most common etiology of neonatal seizures, followed by intracranial bleed, hypoglycemia, septicemia, hypocalcemia, BE, CNS malformations.

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is an essential part of early infant feeding. Promotion of EBF is the most effective way to reduce the infant mortality rate. This study was carried out to identify factors affecting EBF among mothers attending Narayana medical college hospital Nellore. Aim and objectives of the study was to know the incidence of lactation failure and to evaluate the factors responsible for lactation failure.Methods: Hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted from July 2018 to September 2018 involving a total of 100 mothers with the help of a proforma containing predesigned questionnaire. Demographic data of mother, obstetric details, mode of delivery, birth weight, details of antenatal advice about breastfeeding and practices, pre-lacteal feeds, current feeding practice, problems encountered during breastfeeding, anatomical problems were noted. The data collected were tabulated and statistically analyzed.Results: At the end of the study, among 100 mothers, 24 mothers are reported to have lactation failure and feeding babies with formula feeds. Among the variables taken into consideration pre-lacteal feeds, problems encountered during breastfeeding, breast diseases showed a statistically significant association with lactation failure. Mean weight gain in breastfeeding mothers and mothers with lactation failure is 11.3 kgs and 10.04 kgs respectively. Mean hemoglobin in breastfeeding mothers and mothers with lactation failure is 10.43 g/dl and 9.91 g/dl respectively.Conclusions: The results provide information about the relation between breastfeeding failure and its association with factors that contribute to it.

Objective: To assess the proportion of children less than 2 years of age with urinary tract infection (UTI) having structural anomalies detected by screening ultrasonography (USG) and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG).Method: A prospective observational study was done in a tertiary care hospital in South India from May 2014 to April 2015 on children less than 2 years of age, attending the paediatric or paediatric urology outpatient department and paediatric and neonatal wards, with symptoms suggestive of UTI. All urine culture positive cases were included in the study except for cases who had undergone operative procedures and catheterisation of urinary tract. Screening USG and VCUG were performed. Results:The radiological profile of UTI was analysed in the study group comprising 216 children less than 2 years of age. Radiological abnormalities were detected in 82 (38%) cases with female predominance. Fifty three (64.6%) of the abnormalities were identified by USG and 41 (50%) by VCUG. On USG, cystitis and pyelonephritis were the common abnormalities seen whilst vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and posterior urethral valves (PUV) were the common abnormalities seen on VCUG. The 34 children with VUR had grades I and II reflux in 73.4%, grade III and IV reflux in 23.4% and grade V reflux in 3.2% cases. Four (11.7%) The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest Personal funding was used for this project.Open Access Article published under the Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY License. Conclusions:Radiological abnormalities were detected in 38% children less than 2 years of age with UTI by screening USG and VCUG.