Inguinal hernia repair is one of the most frequently performed surgery. The ideal procedure for inguinal hernia repair remains controversial. Open Lichtenstein tension-free mesh repair (LMR) is one of the most preferred open techniques with satisfactory outcomes. Laparoscopic approach in inguinal hernia surgery remains controversial, especially in comparison with open procedures. In this study, we have reported a comparison of laparoscopic total extraperitoneal (TEP) inguinal hernia repair with LMR. Postoperative pain, operative time, complications like seroma, wound infection, chronic groin pain, and recurrence rate were parameters to evaluate the outcome. One hundred seventy-four patients were included in the study by consecutive randomized prospective sampling. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group A, laparoscopic TEP inguinal hernia repair, and group B, LMR. The procedures were performed by experienced surgeons. The primary outcomes were evaluated based on postoperative pain and recurrence rate. Secondary outcomes considered for evaluation were operative time, complications like seroma, infection, and chronic groin pain. Severe pain was reported in group A (7.9%) compared to group B (15.1%), which was statistically significant ( P < .001). Moderate pain was reported more in group B (70.9%) compared to group A (29.5%) ( P < .001). The mean operative time in group A was 84.6 ± 32.2, which was significantly higher than that in group B, 59.2 ± 14.8. There was no major complication in both groups. The chronic pain postoperatively was significantly in higher number of patients in group B vs group A (22.09% vs 3.4%). The postoperative hospital stay period was significantly lesser for group A vs for group B (2.68 ± 1.52 vs 3.86 ± 6.16). Time duration taken to resume normal activities was significantly lower in group A (13.6 ± 6.8) vs (19.8 ± 4.6) in group B ( P < .001). Although there is definite evidence of longer operative time and learning curve, laparoscopic TEP has added advantages like less postoperative pain, early resumption of normal activities, less chronic groin pain, and comparable recurrence rate compared to open Lichtenstein repair. Laparoscopic TEP can be performed with acceptable outcomes and less postoperative complications if performed by experienced hands.

The research is focusing on design and implementation of PCB using CNC machine. Sometimes, designing a PCB, we required path image which is to be designed using some software on PC and drilling process which is a part of time delay. Therefore, to reduce the human effort and reduce the time we are changing the process of PCB designing by means of simply using CNC machine. Due to the rapid growth in the technologies and usage, the utility of CNC machine has been increased in Industries. Using CNC machine technology, one can avoid most of the procedures related to previously known technology and can also better the product quality. This paper basically focuses on the designing and implementation of automatic PCB designing using CNC machine. For programming and for 2-axis movement of CNC machine, we are using the ARDUINO board.

The research is focusing on design and implementation of PCB using CNC machine. Sometimes, designing a PCB, we required path image which is to be designed using some software on PC and drilling process which is a part of time delay. Therefore, to reduce the human effort and reduce the time we are changing the process of PCB designing by means of simply using CNC machine. Due to the rapid growth in the technologies and usage, the utility of CNC machine has been increased in Industries. Using CNC machine technology, one can avoid most of the procedures related to previously known technology and can also better the product quality. This paper basically focuses on the designing and implementation of automatic PCB designing using CNC machine. For programming and for 2-axis movement of CNC machine, we are using the ARDUINO board.

No abstract

Wildfire prediction is an essential component of wildfire management. Accurate fire prediction is critical to mitigating its effects. It plays an important role in resource allocation, mitigation, and recovery. Wildfires rob the natural world of life and destroy the land they live on. Building forecast models will allow authorities to estimate the long-term effects of climate change on local forest distribution. Human motives include clearing and other agricultural activities, grassland care for livestock, extraction of non-timber forest products, industrial development, resettlement, hunting, neglect, and arson. Lightning strikes are the main cause of fires only in very remote areas of Canada and the Russian Federation. These wildfires are often man-made or caused by mother nature through varying weather conditions and wind. Wildfires economic and environmental impacts of wildfires are significant, and predictions can prevent long-term damage to sensitive forest ecosystems.