Solvents
are crucial platforms in organic synthesis. Thereby, the
choice of a solvent is critical in order to develop sustainable eco-friendly
synthetic methodologies. Hence, the present consensus is to employ
environmentally friendly solvents which have broad applications in
fine chemical syntheses, especially from the context of large-scale
industrial preparations. In this review, we provide several examples
for the utilization of 2-MeTHF, CPME, and 4-MeTHP in several organic
reactions pertaining to organometallic-, organo-, and biocatalysis
and highlight their potential use as benign alternatives to conventional
ether solvents. These solvents have favorable physical and chemical
characteristics, such as low toxicity and high chemical and thermal
stabilities, which make them promising media for a large breadth of
synthetic chemistry and triggers development of reactions with green
chemistry protocols.
Biodegradable starch (Str) polymer was derived from potato, a plant-based natural carbohydrate polymers source, by one-pot synthesis. Hydroxyapatite (HA) was produced from goat bone by step sintering. The inexpensive starch/HA thin film composites were fabricated by customized spin coating. This study revealed that the hydrogen bond energy and distance have significant effect on glass transition temperature of the polymer. The 40 wt % HA contained starch (StrHA40) composite thin film showed excellent tensile strength (3.03 + −0.03 MPa), elongation (21.5 + −5.5%) and modulus (15.5 + −0.2 MPa) closed to human skin. The in vitro swelling and biodegradation kinetics of pristine starch and pure HA has been controlled and improved by using suitable composition. This study postulated the probable water molecule-adsorption mechanisms of pristine starch and starch/HA composite films. The StrHA40 composite showed excellent biocompatibility to the human-blood derived lymphocyte cells. Therefore, the starch/HA thin film composite-based biodegradable scaffolds developed in the present study can be an excellent potential candidate for soft tissue regeneration and/or replacement applications.
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