SUMMARY Using the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, we describe a mechanism by which transposons are initially targeted for RNAi-mediated genome defense. We show that intron-containing mRNA precursors template siRNA synthesis. We identify a Spliceosome-Coupled And Nuclear RNAi (SCANR) complex required for siRNA synthesis and demonstrate that it physically associates with the spliceosome. We find that RNAi target transcripts are distinguished by suboptimal introns and abnormally high occupancy on spliceosomes. Functional investigations demonstrate that the stalling of mRNA precursors on spliceosomes is required for siRNA accumulation. Lariat debranching enzyme is also necessary for siRNA production, suggesting a requirement for processing of stalled splicing intermediates. We propose that recognition of mRNA precursors by the SCANR complex is in kinetic competition with splicing, thereby promoting siRNA production from transposon transcripts stalled on spliceosomes. Disparity in the strength of expression signals encoded by transposons versus host genes offers an avenue for the evolution of genome defense.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can trigger repressive chromatin, but how they recruit silencing factors remains unclear. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, heterochromatin assembly on transcribed noncoding pericentromeric repeats requires both RNAi and RNAi-independent mechanisms. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which lacks a repressive chromatin mark (H3K9me [methylated Lys9 on histone H3]), unstable ncRNAs are recognized by the RNA-binding protein Nrd1. We show that the S. pombe ortholog Seb1 is associated with pericentromeric lncRNAs. Individual mutation of dcr1 + (Dicer) or seb1 + results in equivalent partial reductions of pericentromeric H3K9me levels, but a double mutation eliminates this mark. Seb1 functions independently of RNAi by recruiting the NuRD (nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase)-related chromatin-modifying complex SHREC (Snf2-HDAC [histone deacetylase] repressor complex).Supplemental material is available for this article.Received November 1, 2012; revised version accepted August 7, 2013. A major unsolved question in chromatin biology is how long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) trigger the formation of repressed chromatin. A large number of mammalian lincRNAs have been identified by systematic studies ). Many of these ncRNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes (Khalil et al. 2009). Multiple models have been proposed for how these ncRNAs are recognized and recruit chromatinmodifying factors, but little is understood mechanistically (Guttman and Rinn 2012).In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, pericentromeric heterochromatin assembly is promoted by transcription of the dg and dh repeat sequences by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) (Djupedal et al. 2005;Kato et al. 2005). The corresponding long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are converted into dsRNAs and processed into siRNAs by the combined action of RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex (RDRC) and Dicer (Dcr1) (Verdel et al. 2009;Lejeune and Allshire 2011). siRNAs produced by Dicer are bound by Argonaute (Ago1), a component of the RNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) complex, and together they promote both degradation of pericentromeric ncRNAs and transcriptional silencing via repressive histone methylation (Verdel et al. 2004). These complexes in turn recruit the Clr4 methyltransferase complex (CLRC), which methylates Lys9 on histone H3 (H3K9me) (Nakayama et al. 2001;Zhang et al. 2008). The methyl mark serves as a binding platform for the repressive HP1 proteins Swi6 and Chp2 (Thon and Verhein-Hansen 2000;Bannister et al. 2001;Fischer et al. 2009). Both proteins promote the recruitment of SHREC (Snf2-HDAC [histone deacetylase] repressor complex) to pericentromeric heterochromatin (Sugiyama et al. 2007;Sadaie et al. 2008). Moreover, Chp2 has been found to associate with SHREC to form the SHREC2 complex (SHREC complex associated with Chp2) (Motamedi et al. 2008). The core of SHREC consists of silencing factors Clr1 and Clr2, the HDAC Clr3, and the putative chromatin-remodeling enzyme Mit1 (Sugiyama et al. 2007). SHREC and SHREC2 resemble the mammalian nucle...

Eukaryotic protein synthesis generally initiates at a start codon defined by an AUG and its surrounding Kozak sequence context, but the quantitative importance of this context in different species is unclear. We tested this concept in two pathogenic Cryptococcus yeast species by genome-wide mapping of translation and of mRNA 5′ and 3′ ends. We observed thousands of AUG-initiated upstream open reading frames (uORFs) that are a major contributor to translation repression. uORF use depends on the Kozak sequence context of its start codon, and uORFs with strong contexts promote nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Transcript leaders in Cryptococcus and other fungi are substantially longer and more AUG-dense than in Saccharomyces. Numerous Cryptococcus mRNAs encode predicted dual-localized proteins, including many aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, in which a leaky AUG start codon is followed by a strong Kozak context in-frame AUG, separated by mitochondrial-targeting sequence. Analysis of other fungal species shows that such dual-localization is also predicted to be common in the ascomycete mould, Neurospora crassa. Kozak-controlled regulation is correlated with insertions in translational initiation factors in fidelity-determining regions that contact the initiator tRNA. Thus, start codon context is a signal that quantitatively programs both the expression and the structures of proteins in diverse fungi.

In vitro data suggest that different in vivo performances are expected for two dihydroxyacetone (DHA)-containing formulations with similar concentrations of DHA and excipients but different commercially available rheology modifiers: one with a cationic polymer-based rheology modifier (blend) [dimethylacrylamide/ethyltrimonium chloride methacrylate copolymer (and) propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate (and) PPG-1 trideceth-6 (and) C10-11 isoparaffin]; and the other with a polyacrylamide-based rheology modifier (blend) [polyacrylamide (and) C13-14 isoparaffin (and) laureth-7]. Both rheology modifiers (blends) contained comparable levels of polymers and were used at 3% w/w (as supplied). Differences in color development were illustrated in vitro with respect to the yellow/red and lightness/chroma parameters, which were confirmed in the followup in vivo studies. The test article with the cationic polymer-based rheology modifier produced a more natural sunless tan, comparable to a desirable sun-induced tan, for all panelists, one that was more uniform and lasted longer compared with the sunless tan generated by the test article with the polyacrylamide-based rheology modifier. A method for HPLC analysis of DHA in sunless tanning formulations was established and utilized to confirm concentrations of DHA in test articles.pp. 85-105 Basic optics of effect materials by S. A. Jones: BASF Corporation,

The human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans silences transposable elements using endo-siRNAs and an Argonaute, Ago1. Endo-siRNAs production requires the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, Rdp1, and two partially redundant Dicer enzymes, Dcr1 and Dcr2, but is independent of histone H3 lysine 9 methylation. We describe here an insertional mutagenesis screen for factors required to suppress the mobilization of the C. neoformans HARBINGER family DNA transposon HAR1 . Validation experiments uncovered five novel genes ( RDE1-5 ) required for HAR1 suppression and global production of suppressive endo-siRNAs. The RDE genes do not impact transcript levels, suggesting the endo-siRNAs do not act by impacting target transcript synthesis or turnover. RDE3 encodes a non-Dicer RNase III related to S. cerevisiae Rnt1 , RDE4 encodes a predicted terminal nucleotidyltransferase, while RDE5 has no strongly predicted encoded domains. Affinity purification-mass spectrometry studies suggest that Rde3 and Rde5 are physically associated. RDE1 encodes a G-patch protein homologous to the S. cerevisiae Sqs1 / Pfa1 , a nucleolar protein that directly activates the essential helicase Prp43 during rRNA biogenesis. Rde1 copurifies Rde2, another novel protein obtained in the screen, as well as Ago1, a homolog of Prp43, and numerous predicted nucleolar proteins. We also describe the isolation of conditional alleles of PRP43 , which are defective in RNAi. This work reveals unanticipated requirements for a non-Dicer RNase III and presumptive nucleolar factors for endo-siRNA biogenesis and transposon mobilization suppression in C. neoformans .