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Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized and reduced by chemical, hydrothermal and electrochemical methods. The GO and reduced GO was characterized by XRD, FTIR, absorption, Raman, FESEM and AFM methods. Chemically reduced GO (CrGO) was observed to efficiently enhance the electron transfer kinetics of varenicline compared to hydrothermally and electrochemically reduced GO. Hence, CrGO was used for the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor for the determination of varenicline in the concentration range of 0.03–50 µM with a limit of detection of 7.03 nM. The applicability of the proposed sensor was demonstrated by analyzing the biological samples containing varenicline.

In the present work, the electrochemical behavior of an antimigraine drug, almotriptan malate (ALM), on a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) film modified glassy carbon electrode under cyclic voltammetry was described for the first time. A significant enhancement in the oxidation peak current of ALM was noticed at MWCNT‐GCE. This property was exploited to develop a simple, sensitive and time‐saving differential pulse voltammetric method for the determination of ALM in bulk and pharmaceutical samples. A linear relationship was observed between concentration and peak current with a correlation coefficient of 0.9915 in the range of 0.25–37.5 µM ALM.

Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). GO was then electrochemically reduced and used for electrochemical study of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). The electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) film on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) showed enhanced peak current for electrooxidation of MMF. MMF exhibited two irreversible oxidation peaks at 0.84 V (peak a1) and 1.1 V (peak a2). Effects of accumulation time, pH and scan rate were studied and various electrochemical parameters were calculated. A differential pulse voltammetric method was developed for the determination of MMF in bulk samples and pharmaceutical formulations. Linear relationship was observed between the peak current and concentration of MMF in the range of 40 nM–15 μM with a limit of detection of 11.3 nM. The proposed method is simple, sensitive and inexpensive and, hence, could be readily adopted in clinical and quality control laboratories.