Purpose To describe the clinical and pathologic characteristics of a case of retinal vasculitis and vitritis following brolucizumab administration and subsequent ranibizumab treatment. Observations A 76-year old Caucasian woman experienced pain, decreased vision and floaters one week after receiving her third monthly intravitreal brolucizumab injection in the right eye for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Examination was significant for 0.5+ anterior chamber cells, vitritis, mild peripheral vascular sheathing, and decreased vision from 20/70 to 20/200. She was started on topical 1% prednisolone acetate with improvement in her examination. She was switched to ranibizumab one month after her last brolucizumab injection of the right eye. Three weeks after her ranibizumab injection, she noticed photophobia, pain and decreased vision. Examination revealed worsening uveitis, vitritis, vascular sheathing, and decreased vision to count fingers. Despite starting on 0.05% difluprednate drops every 2 hours and oral high-dose methylprednisolone, the patient did not have any significant improvement in her symptoms or examination. She underwent pars plana vitrectomy and vitreous biopsy with intravitreal triamcinolone injection to the right eye. Vitreous biopsy and culture ruled out infectious endophthalmitis, and further cytopathologic analysis revealed chronic inflammatory infiltrate. Conclusion and importance Treatment with brolucizumab can result in intraocular inflammation and retinal vasculitis likely due to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the drug, supported by cytopathologic analysis of a vitreous sample. We demonstrate a case where retreatment with an alternative anti-VEGF agent resulted in worsening vision and vasculitis.
Ofloxacin, its optical isomers levofloxacin (HR 355, DR-3355) and D-ofloxacin (DR-3354) and ciprofloxacin were administered orally to mice and rats which had systemic and localized infections. Both levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were equally effective in treating systemic murine infections caused by staphylococci. Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa with ED50s ranging from 0.18 to 15.8 mg/kg and 0.42 to 16.3 mg/kg respectively and both these agents were twice as effective as ofloxacin which had an ED50 0.41 to 39.7 mg/kg. In contrast, D-ofloxacin was either inactive or exhibited only modest chemotherapeutic activity against the staphylococci and the Gram-negative organisms tested. When given to mice to treat staphylococcal abscesses and lung infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae DT-S levofloxacin was up to four times more effective and produced a more pronounced bactericidal effect against the pathogens in vivo than the reference compounds. Despite possessing a similar, if not lesser, in-vitro activity against the infecting pathogens, levofloxacin was more effective than ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in rats with localized infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa.
There was no clear evidence of near acuity improvement despite statistically significant pilocarpine-induced anterior lens displacement. Further randomized controlled studies with standardized methods evaluating adverse effects (eg, PCO) are needed to clarify the tradeoffs.
Purpose of reviewAntivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents have provided historic therapeutic breakthroughs in the treatment of retinal disease. New anti-VEGF agents are emerging for the treatment of retinal vascular diseases. Both systemic and ocular adverse effect need to be understood in managing patients. This review aims to highlight the adverse effects seen with routine use of bevacizumab, ranibizumab and aflibercept, as well as with new medications such as brolucizumab and abicipar. Recent findingsWe review the recent findings of intraocular inflammation (IOI) of brolucizumab and abicipar in the context of the efficacy and safety reported with the routine anti-VEGF agents. Specifically, brolucizumab has been reported to cause occlusive retinal vasculitis in the setting of IOI, which has not been seen in other anti-VEGF medications. In addition, abicipar appears to cause IOI at a higher rate of patients than other anti-VEGF agents have previously.
Purpose Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography was used to investigate choroidal changes and their association with pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) in eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) after treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors. Methods Patients with treatment-naïve PCV were included and underwent anti-VEGF therapy. Mean choroidal thickness (MCT), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), and PED volume measurements were obtained before and after treatment. Results Thirty-four treatment-naïve PCV eyes from 33 patients were included. The PED volume decreased after treatment ( P < 0.05). The MCT decreased from 223.0 ± 79.6 µm at baseline to 210.9 ± 76.2 µm after treatment ( P < 0.001). The CVI at baseline was 0.599 ± 0.024, and the CVI after treatment was 0.602 ± 0.023 ( P = 0.16). There was a correlation between the decreased PED volumes and the decreased MCT measurements ( r = 0.47; P = 0.006). Also, there was a correlation between the decreased PED volumes and the increased CVI measurements ( r = −0.63; P < 0.001). Conclusions In treatment-naïve eyes with PCV, the decreases in PED volumes were correlated with the decrease in MCT and the increase in CVI measurements. We propose that, at baseline, the PCV lesions serve as high-volume arteriovenous shunts between choroidal arterial and venous circulation, causing transudation into the choroidal stroma. We propose that, after treatment, the blood flow through the vascular shunt is reduced, the excess stromal transudation is resorbed, and the exudation from the neovascular lesion is reduced, resulting in thinning of the choroid, resolution of the PEDs, and an increase in the CVI due to the resorption of excess choroidal transudation.
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