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Patchy alopecias of the scalp are frequently seen in clinical practice. We report a young man who presented with progressive patchy alopecia of the scalp, which was finally diagnosed to be due to tuberculoid leprosy. Progression of alopecia was stopped after anti-leprosy treatment was instituted. Despite high prevalence of leprosy in our country, scalp affection due to leprosy is extremely rare but important to recognize.

Metal powder bed fusion (MPBF) is not a standalone process, and other manufacturing technologies, such as heat treatment and surface finishing operations, are often required to achieve a high-quality component. To optimise each individual process for a given component, its progression through the full process chain must be considered and understood, which can be achieved through the use of validated models. This article aims to provide an overview of the various modelling techniques that can be utilised in the development of a digital twin for MPBF process chains, including methods for data transfer between physical and digital entities and uncertainty evaluation. An assessment of the current maturity of modelling techniques through the use of technology readiness levels is conducted to understand their maturity. Summary remarks highlighting the advantages and disadvantages in physics-based modelling techniques used in MPBF research domains  (i.e. prediction of: powder distortion; temperature; material properties; distortion; residual stresses; as well as topology optimisation), post-processing (i.e. modelling of: machining; heat treatment; and surface engineering), and digital twins (i.e. simulation of manufacturing process chains; interoperability; and computational performance) are provided. Future perspectives for the challenges in these MPBF research domains are also discussed and summarised.

The SnO 2 -RuO 2 mixed films are prepared by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. The SnO 2 films combined with RuO 2 are prepared by varying the deposition cycles of SILAR. The effect of combining SnO 2 with RuO 2 on structural, morphological and electrochemical properties is studied. It is observed that the crystalline nature of SnO 2 changed to amorphous with increase in RuO 2 deposition cycles. The morphology is also changed from fibrous-porous to compact after increasing RuO 2 deposition cycles. The specific capacitance of SnO 2 is increased from 4 to 185 F/g after combined with RuO 2 . The maximum utilization of RuO 2 is observed with specific capacitance of 1010 F/g.

Nimonic C-263 is predominantly used in the manufacturing of heat susceptible intricate components in the gas turbine, aircraft, and automotive industries. Owing to its high strength, poor thermal conductivity, the superalloy is difficult to machine and causes rapid tool wear during conventional machining mode. Moreover, the unpleasant machining noise produced during machining severely disrupts the tool engineer’s concentration, thereby denying a precise and environment friendly machining operation. Hence, close dimensional accuracy, superior machined surface quality along with production economy, and pleasant work environment for the tool engineers is the need of an hour of the current manufacturing industry. To counter such issues, the present work attempts to compare and explore the machinability of two of the most popular machining strategies like minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and cryogenic machining process during turning of Nimonic C-263 work piece in order to achieve an ideal machining environment. The machining characteristics are compared in terms of surface roughness (SR), power consumption (P), machining noise (S), nose wear (NW), and cutting forces (CF) to evaluate the impact of machining variables like cutting speed (Vc), feed (f), and depth of cut (ap) with a detailed parametric study and technical justification. Yet again, an investigation is conducted to compare both the machining strategies in terms of qualitative responses like chip morphology, total machining cost, and carbon emissions. The study revealed that cryogenic machining strategy is adequately proficient over MQL machining to deliver energy proficient and gratifying work environment for the tool engineers by reducing the cost of machining and improving their work efficiency.

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