Using our tridentate NHC-amidate-alkoxide Pd(II) complex, we developed a catalytic method for oxidative C-C bond cleavage of glycerol. The glycerol was degraded exclusively to formic acid and CO2. Two possible degradation pathways were proposed through 13C labeled studies.
Oxidation of various carbohydrates to ammonium formate was investigated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and ammonium hydroxide. Most of the examined carbohydrates except nonreducing sugars were efficiently converted into ammonium formate under environment friendly and mild conditions in aqueous media.The conversion processes of biomass waste to value-added products are receiving great attention, especially those using environmentally benign methods to avoid environmental pollution and its consequences. 1 For instance, carbohydrate biomass can be converted into formic acid, which is an important source of hydrogen used in fuel cells. In fact, direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFC) can become an alternative to methanol based fuel cells because of their easier transportation and increased safety. 2 Major producers of portable electronics in phones and computers are currently testing the efficiency of DFAFC in their devices.2d-f , 3 With continuing development, there is potential for DFAFC to challenge traditional batteries as power sources for mobile electronic devices.2e Ammonium formate is also used in the Leuckart reaction, the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones to amines, 4 and the industrial preparation of formamide. 5 As a result, there may be continuing demand for the large-scale preparation of formic acid from inexpensive and abundant materials such as biomass waste. The present work facilitates the efficient generation of formic acid from carbohydrate biomass under mild conditions. Isbell et. al., published a pioneering series of reports on oxidative degradations of aldoses, ketoses and keto acids in the presence of alkaline hydrogen peroxide. The formic acid yields depended on the ratios of alkali bases and hydrogen peroxide. The reaction rate was low in the presence of bases with the gradual addition of peroxide, and the conversion was accelerated to some degree in the presence of hydrogen peroxide with the gradual addition of bases. 6-8 Most reducing sugars were converted to formic acid chemoselectively and efficiently, however there were a few practical shortcomings.In order to keep the chemoselectivity high, the reactions were run over a long period of time at lower temperatures such as 0 °C. For example, glucose and galactose were converted to © 2010 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved * Corresponding author. Tel.: 1-213-740-8768; fax: 1-213-740-6270; kwjung@usc.edu.. Publisher's Disclaimer:This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Tables 1, 2, and 3, reaction mixtures of the compounds in scheme 2, ammonium formate, and a mixture of ammonium formate and...
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