BACKGROUNDAbnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is one of the most common health problems encountered by women. It affects about 20% women of reproductive age, and accounts for almost two thirds of all hysterectomies. Abnormal uterine bleeding is frequently the presenting symptom of endometrial polyps.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of endometrial polyps in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODSEndometrial polyps diagnosed on ultrasonography presenting as abnormal uterine bleeding were included in the study. The age group was broadly divided into ≤40 years and ≥40 years. The histopathological features were recorded and analysed. RESULTSIn the present study out of 2184 cases of abnormal uterine bleeding, 88 cases were endometrial polyps (4.02%). In the present study, the prevalence of endometrial polyps is 4.02%. The age prevalence was 72 (81.82%) in the age group ≤ 40 years and 16 (18.18%) in the age group beyond 40 years. 28.40% of endometrial polyps presented with postmenopausal bleeding, commonest histopathology being benign endometrial polyps followed by endometrial carcinoma. 71.59% of endometrial polyps presented with premenopausal bleeding commonest histopathology being submucosal leiomyoma followed by benign endometrial polyps and one case of endometrial polyp with atypical endometrial hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONUltrasonography is a useful tool to identify presence of endometrial polyps, but in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding, histopathology is a must to rule out malignancy. Polyps with atypical hyperplasia and malignant degeneration of endometrial polyps were observed mainly in postmenopausal women.
Squamous intraepithelial lesions and carcinoma cervix is more commonly seen in the transformation zone (squamocolumnar junction). This zone has to be adequately sampled. Ayre's spatula has been widely used but is not very effective. Other sampling devices have been developed to improve efficiency, including the Cytobrush. The purpose of this study was to compare the adequacy of cervical smears taken with the Ayre's spatula as opposed to Cytobrush. METHODS A total of 200 cases were studied. The samples were taken first using the Ayre's spatula and then the Cytobrush, fixed in 90% Isopropyl alcohol and stained with PAP stain. The spatula slides were first interpreted followed by Cytobrush in combination with spatula. Both the methods were compared in terms of adequacy and accuracy of interpretation of various lesions of the cervix. RESULTS There was a significant difference in Pap smear quality between the two collection devices. 182 i.e. (91%) of 200 patients had a satisfactory smear when Cytobrush was used as compared to 106 (53%) patients, when spatula was used which was found to be statistically significant (P<0.005). Cytobrush has a better pickup rate of endocervical cells; it can miss ectocervical cells, which can lead to false negative reports. The Cytobrush also has an increased chance of haemorrhage as compared to the Ayre's spatula. Positive pathology was seen in 9.18% patients in the Cytobrush smears as compared to 3.64% patients in the spatula smears. The difference was found to be statistically significant (P<0.005). CONCLUSION The Cytobrush is significantly more efficacious than the Ayre's spatula in obtaining adequate cervical smears. Current best practice is that the Cytobrush be used together with an Ayre's spatula to ensure adequate sampling of both the endocervical and ectocervical components of the transformation zone.
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is by far the most common human papilloma virus related disease. Nearly, all cases of cervical cancer can be attributable to human papilloma virus infection. Infection with the human papilloma virus is the main risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer especially the high-risk types. The aim of the study is to study the prevalence of high-risk human papilloma virus 16 and 18 in various grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS It is a prospective study for a period of two years. 50 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of various grades on histopathology were included in the study. Polymerase chain reaction DNA sequencing was done in all the cases. The patients were followed up for 1 year with Pap smears and results tabulated. RESULTS 77.77% of cases were human papilloma virus 16 positive and 22.22% for human papilloma virus 18. High-risk human papilloma virus was positive in 66.66% of cases beyond 30 years of age. In cases with positive HPV 16 or 18, 62.5% of CIN 1 cases progressed to CIN 2 on follow up for one year,all the CIN2 cases progressed to CIN 3 and CIN 3 cases persisted in the same phase. CONCLUSION High-risk human papilloma virus testing beyond 30 years should be included in the screening test along with Pap smears.
BACKGROUND: Non epithelial tumors of ovary are uncommon tumors and may generate difficulty in establishing a diagnosis. Small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the female genital tract and primary lymphoma of ovary is even rarer, constituting less than 1% of all gynecologic malignancies. These tumors have poor prognosis. In the present study an effort was made to review these tumors in our Institute. AIMS: To know the prevalence, age distribution, clinical presentation and morphological appearance of these tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analyzed 34 cases of non-epithelial tumors of ovary received in the department of pathology during a period of three years. Specimens were grossed, routinely processed under standardized conditions for paraffin embedding and stained with hematoxylin and eosin using standard procedures. Special stains and Immunohistochemistry was done where ever necessary. RESULTS: A total of ovarian tumors received during this period were 136. Non epithelial tumors of ovary constituted 34/136 (25%), of the ovarian neoplasms. Germ cell tumors constituted 23/34(67.64%) followed by sexcord stromal tumors 7/34 (20
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.