Many epidemiological studies have investigated the relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but their results are heterogeneous. This review article is designed to update the potential association, that forms the basis of understanding for a (causal) role for PD to cardiovascular events; as reported by various observational (case-control, cohort, cross-sectional) studies, epidemiological and interventional studies, not considering the other number of systemic health outcomes like cerebrovascular disease, pregnancy complications, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus complications, osteoporosis, etc. A brief overview has been included for atherosclerosis (ATH), its pathophysiology and the association of periodontal infections as a risk factor for causing ATH, which seems to be a rational one; as development of ATH involves a chronic low-grade inflammation and moreover, it has long been set up prior to development of ischemic heart disease and thus provides potential contributing mechanisms that ATH may contribute singly or in concert with other risk factors to develop ischemic heart disease. This article goes on to discuss the correlation of evidence that is gathered from many scientific studies showing either strong, modest, weak or even no links along with their critical analyses. Finally, this article summarizes the present status of the links that possibly exist between PD and its role as a risk factor in triggering cardiovascular events, in the fairly long journey for the last two decades.
Hereditary gingival fibromatosis is a rare benign oral condition characterised by slow and progressive enlargement of both maxillary and mandibular attached gingiva. It may develop as an isolated disorder but can feature along with a syndrome. A case of 12 year old female child who presented with generalised severe gingival overgrowth, involving both the arches and covering almost the entire dentition, and had all the teeth remaining invisible within the confinement of gingival tissues. The excess gingival tissue, in this non-syndromic case was removed by conventional gingivectomy using local as well as general anaesthesia. The post-operative result was uneventful and the patient appearance improved considerably. Good aesthetic result was achieved to allow patient to practice oral hygiene measures. After treatment regular recall visits are necessary in order to evaluate oral hygiene and stability of periodontal treatment.
An increased knowledge of specific cellular response and function has led to the development of numerous treatment modalities based on the utilization of growth factors. The present controlled clinical study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of autologous platelet rich fibrin (PRF) in combination with HA and beta-TCP in treatment of human class II furcation defects and to compare it with HA and beta-TCP alone. A total of 24 interproximal defects in 24 chronic periodontitis patients were included in the study. The test group was treated by an open flap debridement in combination with autologous platelet rich fibrin (PRF) in combination with hydroxyapatite beta tricalcium phosphate, while the control group was treated by an open flap debridement (OFD) along with hydroxyapatite and beta tricalcium phosphate. At 12 months, both the test and control groups showed significant mean PPD reduction and CAL gain. There was statistically significant (p<0.05) greater probing depth reduction of 1.50 mm for the test group compared to the control. The mean Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) gains of 3.0 ± 0.95 mm was observed in the test group, while the control group displayed mean CAL gains of 2.00 ± 0.85 mm. The observed differences between baseline CAL and 12 months CAL were found to be statistically significant in both the groups (p<0.05). The mean CAL gain observed in the test group was significantly greater than the control group. Horizontal probing depth were significantly reduced in test group (3.33 ± 0.83 mm) compared to control group (1.75 ± 1.21 mm). Frequency analysis of furcation changes revealed complete furcation closure in 50% sites in test groups than control group which showed only 16.66% sites of complete resolution of furcation defects. The treatment with PRF in combination with HA and β-TCP group resulted in a significantly higher CAL gain, PPD and HPD reduction in comparison with hydroxyapatite and beta tricalcium phosphate.
Context:Rehabilitation of jaws with reduced bone height is technically demanding and expensive. Short implants are emerging as an alternate in such cases.Aim:This study aimed to evaluate the survival of implants of 8 mm in length (short implants), clinically and radiographically, in posterior resorbed ridges.Materials and Methods:A total of 11 patients with single missing posterior tooth, having 9–10 mm of residual bone height determined using radiographs, were selected for the study. Twelve implants of 8 mm length were inserted in the resorbed alveolar ridges following standard operating procedure. A second-stage surgery was performed 4–6 months after implant placement for placement of gingival former. This was followed by placement of prosthesis. Twelve months after prosthesis placement, all the patients were examined clinically and radiographically.Results:According to Albrektsson et al.'s criteria, all implants were successful with mean bone loss of 1.1 ± 0.32 mm mesially and 0.83 ± 0.35 mm distally with healthy gingival condition at 12-month follow-up.Conclusion:Short implants (8 mm in length) can be a viable alternative in cases of atrophic alveolar ridges.
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