Automotive manufacturers made significant efforts to achieve an overall increase in the energy efficiency and to reduce the toxic emission level. In the way to achieve these goals, non-conventional engine technologies were brought to the market with improved efficiency and controlled emission system. Numerous other supporting technologies which include biofuels and newly improved lubricants were also involved to contribute in automotive engine system improvement. The problem of friction and wear being inbred to the automotive application, further raise environmental hazards by way of more fuel consumption and wear debris. For several years there have been numerous efforts to reduce the amount of fuel consumed by automotive engines. Many of the solutions been strictly mechanical based. Other efforts have revolved around finding the lubricants that reduce the overall friction in the engine. Lubricants perform an anti-friction media which facilitate smooth operation, reduce friction, wear and risk of frequent failure. Due to this ever-increasing demand for lubricant, a considerable amount of work has been done to modify the lubricating oils with additives to enhance their overall properties. This review paper is aimed to highlight the research carried out in the field of lubricating oil with nano additives for the automotive applications.

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In most of the studies, the tribopair as well as tribo-components interfaces are lubricated using different lubricating oil or solid tribofilms. In the present study, the anti-friction and anti-wear performance of the tribopair is improved using nano-Aluminium Oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) and Graphene Nano Platelets (GNP) as reinforcement for composite and additive for lubricant respectively. Composite material and nano lubricants have attracted the interest of many researchers around the globe to enhance the life, durability and to reduce the friction and wear losses of mechanical components. Hence the objective of this study is to provide an insight to friction and wear reduction behavior of n-Al 2 O 3 and GNP from the tribological aspect. The samples are fabricated using Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) rapid fabrication route and their tribological properties are determined against chromium-plated-chrome-steel under dry and wet conditions at room temperature using universal reciprocating tribometer. From the results, it is reported that composite samples with (PAO-4 + 0.5 wt% GNP + OA) nano-lubricant exhibit excellent tribological properties. This reduction is friction and wear is attributed to the hard phase ceramic reinforcements and nano-additive in lubricant that provides excellent tribological performance as well as Oleic Acid (OA) which help to improve the dispersion stability of the nano particles in the lubricating oil. Different surface characterization tools i.e. Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Electron Dispersion Spectroscopy, 3D surface profilometer are used in this study to understand the wear and lubrication mechanism after tribological testing.