During recent years, the use of fringe projection techniques for generating three-dimensional (3D) surface information has become one of the most active research areas in optical metrology. Its applications range from measuring the 3D shape of MEMS components to the measurement of flatness of large panels (2.5 m × .45 m). The technique has found various applications in diverse fields: biomedical applications such as 3D intra-oral dental measurements [1], non-invasive 3D imaging and monitoring of vascular wall deformations [2], human body shape measurement for shape guided radiotherapy treatment [3,4], lower back deformation measurement [5], detection and monitoring of scoliosis [6], inspection of wounds [7,8] and skin topography measurement for use in cosmetology [9,10, 11]; industrial and scientific applications such as characterization of MEMS components [12,13], vibration analysis [14,15], refractometry [16], global measurement of free surface deformations [17,18], local wall thickness measurement of forced sheet metals [19], corrosion analysis [20,21], measurement of surface roughness [22,23], reverse engineering [24,25,26], quality control of printed circuit board manufacturing [27,28,29] and heat-flow visualization [30]; kinematics applications such as measuring the shape and position of a moving object/creature [31,32] and the study of kinematical parameters of dragonfly in free flight [33,34]; biometric identification applications such as 3D face reconstruction for the development of robust face recognition systems [35,36]; cultural heritage and preservation [37,38,39] etc.One of the outstanding features of some of the fringe projection techniques is their ability to provide high-resolution, whole-field 3D reconstruction of objects in a non-contact manner at video frame rates. This feature has backed the technique to pervade new areas of applications such as security systems, gaming and virtual reality. To gain insights into the series of contributions that have helped in unfolding the technique to acquire this feature, the reader is referred to the review articles in this special issue by Song Zhang, and Xianyu Su et al.A typical fringe projection profilometry system is shown in Fig 1. It consists of a projection unit, an image acquisition unit and a processing/analysis unit. Measurement of shape through fringe projection techniques involves (1) projecting a structured pattern (usually a sinusoidal fringe pattern) onto the object surface, (2) recording the image of the fringe pattern that is phase modulated by the object height distribution, (3) calculating the phase modulation by analyzing the image with one of the fringe analysis techniques (such as Fourier transform Figure 1: Fringe projection profilometry system method, phase stepping and spatial phase detection methodsmost of them generate wrapped phase distribution) (4) using a suitable phase unwrapping algorithm to get continuous phase distribution which is proportional to the object height variations, and finally (5) calibrating the system for m...

A novel concept for an intrinsic relative humidity (RH) sensor that uses polyimide-recoated fiber Bragg gratings is presented. Tests in a controlled environment indicate that the sensor has a linear, reversible, and accurate response behavior at 10-90% RH and at 13-60 degrees C. The RH and temperature sensitivities were measured as a function of coating thickness, and the thermal and hygroscopic expansion coefficients of the polyimide coating were determined.

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The behaviour of a small group of wood fibers of Sitka spruce during tensile loading is investigated. The load-extension curves for both early and late wood fibers consist of three distinct segments. The first segment is almost a straight line, at some stage of loading a yield point is observed. Beyond this point the specimen becomes less stiff and undergoes a large, mainly irreversible deformation. As the load is increased further, the curve exhibits the third segment showed by a significant change in slope. These curves look different from those obtained on thick specimens. In this respect, the behaviour of a thin wood specimen subjected to cyclic type tensile loading along its longitudinal direction is also illustrated. Based on wood microstructure, a model is presented to interpret the evolution of the Young's modulus of a wood fiber during tensile loading. The model considers wood as an assembly of cylindrical fibers pasted together in a longitudinal direction. We have assumed the cell wall to comprise only an $2 layer made of a composite material consisting of a lignin and hemicellulose matrix reinforced by helical microfibrils along the fiber. Furthermore, it is assumed that the microfibril angle cx in the Sa layer is not uniform along the fiber axis and matrix degradation occurs in the zones where the microfibril angles are bigger. The validity of this assumption is verified by using holographic interferometry to visualize the displacement field of the specimen's surface under tension. 411