We designed a battery energy storage system (BESS) based on the symmetrical concept where the required control is by the symmetrical technique known as volt/var control. The integration of BESS into the conventional distribution has significantly impacted energy consumption over the past year. Load demand probability was used to investigate optimal sizing and location of BESS in an electrical power system. The open electric power distribution system simulator (OpenDSS) was interfaced with MATLAB m-file scripts and presented by using time series analysis with load demand. The optimal BESS solution was adapted by using a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The simulation results showed that the BESS was directly connected to the power grid with GA and PSO, and it was observed that BESS sizing also varied for these two values of 1539 kW and 1000 kW, respectively. The merit of those values is the power figure of the system, which is necessary for installation. Therefore, optimal sizing and location of the BESS are helpful to reduce the impact from the load demand to the total system loss and levelling of the energy demand from the power system network. The integration of the BESS can be applied to improve grid stability and store surplus energy very well. The grid increased the stability of the power system and reduced the impact from the large scale of BESS penetration.
In this study, the concept of symmetry is introduced by finding the optimal state of a power system. An electric vehicle type load is present, where the supply stores’ electrical energy causes an imbalance in the system. The optimal conditions are related by adjusting the voltage of the bus location. The key variables are the load voltage deviation (LVD), the variation of the load and the power, and the sizing of the distributed photovoltaic (DPV), which are added to the system for power stability. Here, a method to optimize the fast-charging stations (FCSs) and DPV is presented using an optimization technique comparison. The system tests the distribution line according to the bus grouping in the IEEE 33 bus system. This research presents a hypothesis to solve the problem of the voltage level in the system using metaheuristic algorithms: the cuckoo search algorithm (CSA), genetic algorithm (GA), and simulated annealing algorithm (SAA) are used to determine the optimal position for DPV deployment in the grid with the FCSs. The LVD, computation time, and total power loss for each iteration are compared. The voltage dependence power flow is applied using the backward/forward sweep method (BFS). The LVD is applied to define the objective function of the optimization techniques. The simulation results show that the SAA showed the lowest mean computation time, followed by the GA and the CSA. A possible location of the DPV is bus no. 6 for FCSs with high penetration levels, and the best FCS locations can be found with the GA, with the best percentage of best hit counter on buses no. 2, 3, 13, 14, 28, 15, and 27. Therefore, FCSs can be managed and handled in optimal conditions, and this work supports future FCS expansion.
An optical black hole circuit designing and modeling using microring Kerr effect within the microring resonator system is proposed. An InGaAsP/InP material other than metamaterials are employed for optical black hole generation. The input sources are the space‐time function modulations, where the resonant space‐time distortion of the electric field propagation through the circuit can be arranged to meet the balanced optical path differences. The nonlinearr Kerr effect can be generated by the two side rings and induced into the center ring. The optical black hole circuit characteristics are investigated from the event horizon to the singularity area, where the potential for a high‐performance light absorber can be envisaged. In applications, the device can be employed in photovoltaics and quantum technology.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.