Exploring the source of quiescent bacteria in tissue-cultured bananas (Musa sp.) we demonstrate here through a combination of bacterial 16S rDNAbased molecular technique, light microscopy and cultivation-based approaches the ubiquitous presence of endophytic bacteria in the field shoots of different genotypes (Grand Naine, Robusta, Dwarf Cavendish, Ney Poovan and exotic accessions) and their widespread prevalence in apparently clean tissue cultures. A portion of field shoot-tips (10-60%) showed cultivable endophytes, especially during rainy season, yielding 10 2 -10 5 colony forming units g -1 fresh tissue in 'Grand Naine', which overtly expressed on tissue culture medium as well. The rest showed no colony development on diverse bacteriological media but proved PCR +ve to bacterial primers indicating the presence of normally non-culturable organisms, which was endorsed by microscopic observations. Such endophytes gradually turned cultivable rendering all visibly clean cultures as quiescent bacteriaharboring after a few (2-4) to several (8-20) passages, resulting in as much as 1.7 9 10 5 -4.0 9 10 7 colony forming units g -1 tissue of 'Grand Naine' after ten passages, yielding different organisms. This study has thus exposed the ubiquitous and intense association existing between endophytes and bananas, including their quiescent survival in suspension cultures. The effect due to quiescent bacteria in micropropagated stocks could not be generalized. The observations question the fundamental principle of asepsis in plant tissue cultures and bring in new information on plant-endophtye association in vitro with implications in micropropagation, germplasm conservation, cell culture studies and molecular profiling. The possible involvement of unsuspected endophytic bacteria in tissue-culture associated phenomena like habituation and epigenetic and somaclonal variations are discussed.

In this article we describe the identification of endophytic bacteria belonging to three groups isolated from shoot tip cultures of banana cv. Grand Naine in a recent study (Thomas et al. 2008) based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequence homology analysis. The first group included banana stocks that displayed obvious colony growth on MS based tissue culture medium during the first in vitro passage. The second group constituted stocks that were tissue indexnegative for cultivable bacteria initially but turned index-positive after a few to several (4-8) in vitro passages while the third group formed one sub-stock that turned index-positive after about 18 passages. The organisms belonged to about 20 different genera comprising of a, b, c-proteobacteria, Gram-positive firmicutes and actinobacteria. Visibly expressing easily cultured organisms during the first in vitro passage included Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Ochrobactrum, Pantoea, Staphylococcus and Bacillus spp. Organisms of second group that were not detected or nonculturable originally constituted Brevundimonas, Methylobacterium, Alcaligenes, Ralstonia, Pseudomonas, Corynebacterium, Microbacterium, Staphylococcus, Oceanobacillus and Bacillus spp. while the third group that turned cultivable after extended in vitro culturing included mostly non-filamentous actinobacteria (Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium, Kocuria and Tetrasphaera spp.). The identification results suggested that the endophytes of second and third groups were not strictly obligate or fastidious microbes but those surviving in viable but-non-culturable (VBNC) state and displaying gradual activation to cultivable form during continuous tissue culturing. Several of the organisms isolated are known as beneficial ones in agriculture while some organisms have possible implications in human health. The use of tissue cultures for isolating uncommon endophytes is discussed.Supply of live bacterial cultures or genetic material for research purpose is subject to their revival from glycerol stocks (as some of the organisms showed poor tolerance) and the requestor obtaining written permission from the Director General,

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Malwa Plateau is nontraditional area of grapes and the investigations was conducted at experimental field of AICRP on Fruits (Grapes), College of Horticulture, Mandsaur from year 2014-15 to 2017-18 for popularizing the grapes cultivating area and exploring the climatic condition of the region for coloured table grapes cultivation (hot day and cold night up to March -April with low humidity). There were ten grapes varieties under the evaluation study, i.e.

Young grass of Triticum aestivum is also called as wheat grass. Wheat grass is one of the important crop that provides nutrients to human body. This wheat grass is also called as "Green blood". It contains minerals, amino acids, vitamins and high content of chlorophyll. Wheat grass contains different phytochemicals such as alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, tannin, glycosides etc. This review based on study of phenolic content in wheat grass extract by qualitative and quantitative analysis. The extraction is done by using two methods and with help of methanol solvent. This review also includes study of comparison of two methods in order to know best efficient method.

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