Background:The epidemiological data based on intensive monitoring studies are limited for the cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs) in terms of incidence. Most of earlier Indian studies focused only on types and causative drugs of CADRs.Aim:The aim of this study is to analyze the CADRs with reference to the incidence, its subgroup analysis, causative drugs, and other clinical characteristics in Indian population.Methodology:Intensive monitoring study was carried out over a period of 3 years in the dermatology outpatient and inpatient department. CADRs due to only systematically administered drugs were considered. The WHO definition for CADR, the WHO causality definitions, modified Schumock and Thornton's criteria for preventability, and International Conference on Harmonisation E2A guidelines for seriousness were considered. Incidence was expressed in percentage and its 95% confidence interval. The incidence was analyzed on basis of characteristics of study population and CADRs.Results:A total of 171 CADRs were observed from 37,623 patients. The CADR incidence was 0.45% (95% CI: 0.39–0.53). The incidence did not significantly differ in different age groups and gender. Commonly observed CADRs were maculopapular rash (23.98%), urticaria (21.64%), and fixed drug eruptions (FDEs) (18.13%). Antimicrobials (35.18%) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were suspected in all common CADRs. Anti-infective and NSAIDs were most commonly suspected drugs in overall CADRs, maculopapular rash, urticaria, FDEs, and erythema multiforme. The exact nature of drugs remained inaccessible in one-fourth cases due to use of the over-the-counter self-medications. The incidence of preventable and serious and fatal CADRs was 0.08% (95% CI: 0.05–0.11), 0.04% (95% CI: 0.02–0.06), and 0.003% (95% CI: 0.000–0.001), respectively.Conclusion:Ethnic characteristics should be considered while interpreting incidence from the international studies. The demographic characteristics of study population do not affect the incidence of CADRs. Indian patients should be sensitized about hazards of self-medications.

Background: Epidemiological data are limited regarding clinical characteristic of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in India. Aim: The aim was to assess ADRs with reference to the causative drugs, seriousness and their other clinical characteristics in Indian tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: A spontaneous reporting based ADR monitoring study was conducted over a period of 2 years. The World Health Organization (WHO) definition of an ADR and its seriousness was adopted. The organ system involvement was labeled by WHO-ADR terminology. ADRs were analyzed for causality by Naranjo's algorithm, preventability by modified Schumock and Thornton's criteria and types of reactions by Rawlins and Thompson classification. Subgroup analysis was performed between serious and non-serious reactions. Results: Of the total of 135 reactions reported 111 reactions from 97 patients were included for analysis. The incidences of overall and serious ADRs were 0.25 and 0.06 per 1000 patients, respectively. The most commonly implicated organ systems were skin and appendages (52.25%). The major causative drug classes were antimicrobials (40.28%), central nervous system (23.61%) and autacoids (15.97%). About twothirds of the reactions (65.77%) were classified as probable and one-tenth (8.10%) as preventable. The factors significantly associated with serious reactions were age group 40-60 years (odds ratio [OR]: 5.51), parenteral drugs (OR: 2.96), central and peripheral nervous system disorders (OR: 5.06), body as a whole -general disorders (OR: 9.05) and acute onset reactions (OR: 52.62). Conclusion: Antimicrobials are common causative agents. Cohort study is recommended to confirm the risk factors of serious ADRs in Indian population.

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Introduction:The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the method of learning in medical education and forced us to switch over to the online mode of learning. The aim of the present study was to assess students' opinion on online learning in the time of Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based study conducted among undergraduate medical students. The closed, open-ended and validated questionnaires were administered to students to get feedback on utility, feasibility, suitability, effectiveness online learning as well as problems faced during e-learning and suggested solutions to them.Results: About 62.7% of undergraduates had internet access. Sixty seven percent of undergraduates were willing to actively communicate with their classmates and instructors electronically, whereas 64.9% of students were communicating online comfortably. Also, 82.20% of students were able to clear their doubt from teacher whenever required. Only 38 (20.5%) of students had equated online learning from home to conventional lectures in a lecture hall. However, 28.6% of students felt comfortable to learn from home in the pandemic era. Students (66.5%) wanted proper breaks, which would enable them to get sufficient time to think about the topic and frame their questions to clear their doubts. About 80% of students wanted that a sufficient number of questions should be asked to transform online learning sessions into interactive approaches. They highlighted distractions during online learning at home, problems of network accessibility, connectivity, lack of synchrony between audio and video, and audio disturbance.StudentS' PercePtion on online learning during coVid-19 Pandemic Conclusions: More than half of our students prefer classroom learning because it facilitates better teacher-student interactions, stimulates understanding, provides a distraction-free environment, and permits an appropriate pace of learning, encouraging interactivity and independence from technology.

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Background: India, having diverse demographic profile, any single measure to curtain COVID-19 spread will become ineffective by default. Hence, determining knowledge and behaviours of population regarding COVID-19 is must to extract and decide on an effective approach to reduce the spread of COVID-19. For the same, we conducted KAP study.Methods: It was a KAP study of adult residents of various districts of Gujarat, India; consisting questions with multiple responses pertaining to knowledge, attitude, and practices towards COVID-19. Responses were analysed and represented by their percentage. Knowledge related questions’ responses were statistically analysed based upon responder’s age, gender, education level.Results: Knowledge scores of male and female participants were 7.03 and 6.96. Mean knowledge score of age group of 18-30 years, differed significantly to that of age group of >60 years. Study participants’ scores didn’t differ statistically according their education levels. 91.3% participants felt that COVID-19 can be more effectively managed if person has been diagnosed or tested earlier in the disease. 69.8% participants felt that patients of COVID-19 infection can be safely treated at home. 74.4% of participant were in favour of lockdown if need arises. 77% participants were willing to take COVID-19 vaccine.Conclusions: Knowledge level didn’t differ for any gender or education level. Knowledge scores of populations above age of 60 years were statistically less as compared to the scores of participants aged between 18 to 30 years. TV news channels and newspapers were most sought way of getting information for current study population.