To evaluate the antimicrobial activities of extract of eleven plants were examined against four common bacterials. The ethanolic extracts of various plants such as Cissus repens, Hedyotis scandens, Jatropha curcas, Morus alba, Inula cappa, Equisetum ramosissimum, Osyris wightiana, Alternantheria sessilis and Hibiscus lampas investigated individually for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method. These were investigated against selected species of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumoniae to find the inhibitory activities of the microbes. The ethanolic extract of C. repens showed considerably high activity against P. vulgaris, E. coli and S. aureus than other extracts.
Selaginella tamariscina is a lycophyta species that survives under extremely dry conditions via the mechanism of resurrection. This phenomenon involves the regulation of numerous genes that play vital roles in desiccation tolerance and subsequent rehydration. To identify resurrection-related genes, we analyzed the transcriptome between dehydration conditions and rehydration conditions of S. tamariscina . The de novo assembly generated 124,417 transcripts with an average size of 1,000 bp and 87,754 unigenes. Among these genes, 1,267 genes and 634 genes were up and down regulated by rehydration compared to dehydration. To understand gene function, we annotated Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The unigenes encoding early light-inducible protein ( ELIP ) were down-regulated, whereas pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein ( PPR ), late embryogenesis abundant proteins ( LEA ), sucrose nonfermenting protein ( SNF ), trehalose phosphate phosphatase ( TPP ), trehalose phosphate synthase ( TPS ), and ABC transporter G family ( ABCG ) were significantly up-regulated in response to rehydration conditions by differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis. Several studies provide evidence that these genes play a role in stress environment. The ELIP and PPR genes are involved in chloroplast protection during dehydration and rehydration. LEA, SNF , and trehalose genes are known to be oxidant scavengers that protect the cell structure from the deleterious effect of drought. TPP and TPS genes were found in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, which are essential sugar-signaling metabolites regulating plant metabolism and other biological processes. ABC-G gene interacts with abscisic acid (ABA) phytohormone in the stomata opening during stress conditions. Our findings provide valuable information and candidate resurrection genes for future functional analysis aimed at improving the drought tolerance of crop plants.
Short crop height is the preferred breeding trait since there is a positive correlation between lodging resistance and a crop yield increase. Alternative splicing can alter transcriptome diversity and contribute to plant adaptation to environmental stress. We characterized the transcriptomes obtained from dwarf and normal soybean lines derived from a cross of Glycine max var. Peking (G. max) and G. soja var. IT182936 in an F7 RIL population to study the differences between the isoforms. Full-length mRNA derived from leaf tissues was sequenced using the PacBio RSII platform, generating 904,474 circular consensus sequence (CCS) reads. Using the Structural and Quality Annotation of Novel Transcript Isoforms (SQANTI) process, 42,582 and 44,762 high-quality isoforms, and 91 and 179 polished low-quality isoforms were obtained in dwarf and normal cells, respectively. As a result, 832 and 36,772 nonredundant transcripts were generated. Approximately 30% of the identified genes were estimated to produce two or more isoforms. We detected an average of 166,171 splice junctions (SJs), of which 93.8% were canonical SJs. We identified that novel isoforms accounted for 19% of all isoforms, among which 12% fell within coding regions. The dwarf soybean demonstrated a greater number of isoforms in most of the annotated genes, particularly in genes related to growth hormones and defense responses. Our study provides comprehensive isoform and gene information that may accelerate transcriptome research in G. max and provide a basis to further study the impact of these isoforms on plant growth.
In cultivated plants, shoot morphology is an important factor that influences crop economic value. However, the effects of gene expression patterns on shoot morphology are not clearly understood. In this study, the molecular mechanism behind shoot morphology (including leaf, stem, and node) was analyzed using RNA sequencing to compare weedy (creeper) and cultivar (stand) growth types obtained in F7 derived from a cross of wild and cultivated soybeans. A total of 12,513 (in leaves), 14,255 (in stems), and 11,850 (in nodes) differentially expressed genes were identified among weedy and cultivar soybeans. Comparative transcriptome and expression analyses revealed 22 phytohormone-responsive genes. We found that GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE 8 (GA2ox), SPINDLY (SPY), FERONIA (FER), AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 8 (ARF8), CYTOKININ DEHYDROGENASE-1 (CKX1), and ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE-3 (AHK3), which are crucial phytohormone response genes, were mainly regulated in the shoot of weedy and cultivar types. These results indicate that interactions between phytohormone signaling genes regulate shoot morphology in weedy and cultivar growth type plants. Our study provides insights that are useful for breeding and improving crops to generate high-yield soybean varieties.
The plant hormone gibberellic acid (GA) is important for plant growth and productivity. Actin-related proteins (ARPs) also play central roles in plant growth, including cell elongation and development. However, the relationships between ARPs and GA signaling and biosynthesis are not fully understood. Here, we isolated OsGASD, encoding an ARP subunit from rice (Oryza sativa), using the Ac/Ds knockout system. The osgasd knockout (Ko) mutation reduced GA3 content in shoots as well as plant growth and height. However, GA application restored the plant height of the osgasd Ko mutant to a height similar to that of the wild type (WT). Rice plants overexpressing OsGASD (Ox) showed increased plant height and grain yield compared to the WT. Transcriptome analysis of flag leaves of OsGASD Ox and osgasd Ko plants revealed that OsGASD regulates cell development and the expression of elongation-related genes. These observations suggest that OsGASD is involved in maintaining GA homeostasis to regulate plant development, thereby affecting rice growth and productivity.
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