We determined the global protein turnover profiles for Mycobacterium smegmatis under acid shock and iron starvation conditions using a simple (15)N isotope doping technique and a complete medium replacement method for chasing. We used a high-resolution hybrid-linear ion trap-Fourier transform mass spectrometer coupled with nanoliquid chromatography separation to measure protein turnover values for 151 proteins over a dynamic range of 3 orders of magnitude ranging from about 0.2 to 500. Of these 151 proteins, 31 had significant protein turnover changes (p <0.05) at both stress conditions and had protein turnover values increased or decreased by more than 2-fold under at least one stress condition. Protein turnover increased under acid shock for 28 of the 31 proteins but decreased under iron starvation for all the 31 proteins. Only two proteins had protein turnover lowered by more than 2-fold (p <0.05) under both stress conditions, including an ATP synthase F1 beta subunit (MSMEG4921; AtpD) and a catalase/peroxidase (MSMEG6346; KatG). KatG is required for in vivo activation of isoniazid to be bacterialcidal. Decrease of KatG protein turnover under both stress conditions supports the view that isoniazid may induce a dormancy program in mycobacteria, which in turn limits the efficacy of this drug against dormant subpopulation of mycobacteria. Thus, measuring protein turnover in stressed Mycobacterium cells has implications in understanding drug action and resistance mechanisms.

To study the proteome response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv to a change in iron level, iron-starved late-log-phase cells were diluted in fresh low-and high-iron media containing [ 15 N] labeled asparagine as the sole nitrogen source for labeling the proteins synthesized upon dilution. We determined the relative protein abundance and protein turnover in M. tuberculosis H37Rv under these two conditions. For measurements, we used a high-resolution hybrid-linear ion trap-Fourier transform mass spectrometer coupled with nanoliquid chromatography separation. While relative protein abundance analysis shows that only 5 proteins were upregulated by high iron, 24 proteins had elevated protein turnover for the cells in the high-iron medium. This suggests that protein turnover is a sensitive parameter to assess the proteome dynamics. Cluster analysis was used to explore the interconnection of protein abundance and turnover, revealing coordination of the cellular processes of protein synthesis, degradation, and secretion that determine the abundance and allocation of a protein in the cytosol and the extracellular matrix of the cells. Further potential utility of the approach is discussed.

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Phagosomal proteome characterization has contributed significantly to the understanding of host–pathogen interaction and the mechanism of infectious diseases caused by intracellular bacteria. The latex bead-containing phagosome has been widely used as a model system to study phagosomal proteomes at a global level. In contrast, the study of bacteria-containing phagosomes at a similar level has just begun. A number of intracellular microbial species are studied for their proteomes during the invasion of a host, providing insight into their metabolic adaptation in host cells and interaction with host-cell antimicrobial environments. In this review, we attempt to summarize the most recent advancements in the proteomic study of microbial phagosomes, especially those originating from mouse or human cells. We also briefly describe the proteomics of latex bead-containing phagosomes because they are often used as model phagosomes for study. We provide descriptions on major biological and technological components in phagosomal proteome studies. We also discuss the role of phagosomal proteome study in the broader horizon of systems biology and the technological challenges in phagosomal proteome characterization.

The goal of this study is to use principal component analysis (PCA) for multivariate analysis of proteome dynamics based on both protein abundance and turnover information generated by high-resolution mass spectrometry. We previously reported assessing protein dynamics in iron-starved Mycobacterium tuberculosis, revealing interesting interconnection among the cellular processes involving protein synthesis, degradation, and secretion (Anal. Chem. 80, 6860-9). In this study, we use target-decoy database search approach to select peptides for quantitation at a false discovery rate of 4.2%. We further use PCA to reduce the data dimensions for simpler interpretation. The PCA results indicate that the protein turnover and relative abundance properties are approximately orthogonal in the data space defined by the first three principal components. We show the potential of the Hotelling's T2 (T2) value as a quantifiable index for comparing changes between protein functional categories. The T2 value represents the gross change of a protein in both abundance and turnover. Close examination of the antigen 85 complex demonstrates that T2 correctly predicts the coordinated changes of the antigen 85 complex proteins. The multi-dimensional protein dynamics data further reveal the secretion of the antigen 85 complex. Overall, this study demonstrates PCA as an effective means to facilitate interpretation of the multivariate proteome dynamics dataset which otherwise would remain a significant challenge using traditional methods.