Introduction:Computers and other visual display terminals are now an essential part of our daily life. In the present era, use of computer has increased many folds, and its use has been associated with increased health risks, especially eyes. Materials and Methods:This hospital-based prospective, observational, descriptive study. "Specific Computer Users Questionnaire''regarding the visual symptoms was put used. Schirmer's test -I, and Tear film break up time were evaluated in all students.Results: Among 100 medical students 74% of the medical students sampled who used to spend 2 hours or more on their digital screens on a daily basis were complaining of one or more of CVS manifestation. Eye strain, burning eyes, neck, shoulder, or back pain, dryness, irritation and redness of eyes, headaches during or after working on computer and overall body fatigue were recorded in 89%,87%,78%,77%,71%and 68% respectively. Dry eye was associated with CVS in 58 % in right eye and 55% in left eye according to-Tear film break up time measurement whereas 59 % students have dry eye in right eye and 57% students have dry eye in left eye according to Schirmer's test -I measurement.Conclusions: Symptoms of CVS increase with increased duration of working on digital screens for 2 hours or more. The factors associated with the severity of CVS were hours of digital screens use per day and dry eye.

Background: Corneal disease constitutes a significant cause for visual im­pairment and blindness in the developing world. Visual rehabilitation by corneal transplantation for which increased awareness regarding an eye donation is essential, remains the only treatment option for restoring sight in those who suffer from corneal blindness. Hence, the present study con­ducted to assess the awareness, knowledge and willingness about eye do­nation among dental students of KIST medical college & teaching hospital, Nepal Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in KIST medical college and teaching hospital in Nepal during the period of 21st to 30th April 2019. A total of 185 dental students were selected as study group by con­venience sampling technique. A Semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection and analyzed by using SPSS 16. Descriptive statistics and Chi square/ Fischer exact tests were used for data analysis. Results: Out of total 185 dental students who participated in this study, 176 (95.1%) were aware about eye donation, 133 (71.9%) knew that the cornea is used for eye donation and 70 (37.8%) knew that ideal time for eye donation is within six hours of death. Awareness regarding eye dona­tion in male and female students was found to be statistically significant (p =0.013). Conclusions: The present study revealed that most of the dental students were aware regarding eye donation and most of them were willing to do­nate their eyes. Awareness regarding eye donation will form the prime base for the elimination of avoidable corneal blindness in Nepal.

Background: Diabetes is one of the most common leading causes of blindness in 20–74 year old persons. Recently, problems involving the ocular surface, dry eyes in particular, have been reported in diabetic patients. This study was performed to assess the prevalence of dry eyes syndrome and diabetic retinopathy and its association with HbA1c in diabetic patients.Materials and Methods: All the diabetic patients referred to Eye OPD were consecutively selected during the study period of three years. All the subjects were assessed by developed questionnaire; complete eye examination and Tear Film break up time (TBUT) test and Schirmer’s test. HbA1c was performed in all patients as advised by the physician and was entered in our records.Results: Of 304 subjects, 165 patients (54.3%) suffered from dry eyes syndrome. Although dry eyes syndrome was more common in female patients, this association was not significant. Diabetic Retinopathy was found in 154 patients (50.65%). Dry eyes syndrome was more frequent in diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy. (P = 0.02). Compared with patients without diabetic retinopathy, those with diabetic retinopathy were more likely to have higher HbA1c (p<0.001). Conclusion: Diabetic retinopathy and dry eyes appear to have a common association like ageing.  Examination for dry eyes should be an integral part of the assessment of diabetic eye disease. In addition, high HbA1c level was an important factor associated with prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy.

Introduction: Dry eye is a disorder of the tear film which occurs due to tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation. It causes damage to the interpalpebral ocular surface and is associated with a variety of symptoms reflecting ocular discomfort.Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based retrospective descriptive study conducted to study the demography of dry eye patients and associated attributable risk factors for the disease. Every patient presenting with symptoms suggestive of dry eye was given a questionnaire, as per Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study and thorough ocular examination was done along with two tests for dry eye i.e Schirmer test I measuring less than 10mm and Tear film break up time measuring less than 10 sec. Final data analysis was done using statistical tool SPSS.Results: Demographic profile revealed a female preponderance in the patients with a ratio of 1.9:1. Amongst them, prevalence of premenopausal age was 53%. Dry eye was found to be more common in age group between 30 to 40 years (29%). The modifiable attributable risk factors were urban residence (67%), exposure to air condition and computer user (52%), indoor workers (59%), and environmental pollutants (60%).Conclusions: This study revealed the patients who presented with dry eye were mostly female of premenopausal age group, and exposed to modifiable risk factors which included residing at urban areas, indoor work, and exposure to environmental pollutants. Nepalese Medical Journal. vol.1, No. 1, 2018, page: 9-11

Introduction:Refractive errors are becoming a problem in many societies, with prevalence rates of myopia in many Asian urban countries reaching epidemic proportions. This study aims to determine the prevalence rates of various refractive errors among medical students of Kist Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal. Materials and Methods:Medical students were included in the study. Demographic data was obtained via questionnaires filled in by the students after taking informed verbal consent. Refractive error measurements were determined by dry retinoscopy and additional cycloplegic refraction as and when needed. Results:The prevalence rate of simple myopia was 64.81% and 3.7% had high myopia. Hyperopia (Hypermetropia) was present in 1.8% of the participants while overall astigmatism prevalence rate was 29.6% among medical students. Conclusion: Prevalence rates of myopia in medical students are found to be quite high. Conclusions:Prevalence rates of myopia in medical students are found to be quite high.

Introduction: Nepal is a developing country where most of the population does not have access to proper health care services and on top of that eye care services do not reach the entire population. This study aimed to determine the pattern of ocular morbidity in patients attending the ophthalmic OPD of Rapti Academy of Health Sciences. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology of Rapti Academy of Health Science, Dang. The study period was Poush 2077 to Chaitra 2077.  All the patients visiting the OPD of the Ophthalmology department with an ocular problem were included in the study. Results: A total of 1000 patients were examined during the study period. The patient's ages below 1 year were excluded so a total of 970 samples was selected. In which 625 (64.4%) were female and 345 (35.6%) were male. Most patients 92.9% were from Dang followed by Rolpa 4.1%, Rukum 1.4%, Pyuthan 0.9%, and Salyan 0.6%. Patients were examined from all age groups except for 1 year which was excluded. Out of the total patients, a maximum number of patients were female and the maximum number of patients were in the age group of 21- 30 years and followed by more than or equal to 60 years age group. Conclusions:  This study will help in obtaining epidemiology of Ocular disease for proper planning and management in the hospital.

Introduction: With little to no research done that sheds light on the COVID-19 pandemic in the Mid-Western region of Nepal, this study attempts to educate the general populace and concerned authorities on the impact of the pandemic in the region.Materials and Methods: Patients presenting at Rapti Academy of Health Sciences between 14 May 2020 to December 21, 2020, diagnosed with COVID-19 were included in the study. These patients were reviewed for age, sex, address, recent travel history, and presenting symptoms.Results: A total of 3895 COVID -19 positive individuals were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 33.6 ± 13.8 years, a majority (49.5%) of the cases were in the 20-29 years age group. 73.7% were male. 82.9% of the patients were from Dang, 86% of the cases of Dang were from urban areas, and the districts bordering India accounted for 88.5% of cases. Most of the positive patients were asymptomatic (97.1%), Amongst the symptomatic cases, the most frequent clinical manifestation was both fever and cough. 8.5% of the patients also reported travel history, of which a majority had returned from India.Conclusions: The patients were mostly young males belonging to the economically active age group who were mostly affected by COVID-19 in Mid-Western Nepal. It is important to carry out age-group targeted testing to flatten the infection curve. Testing must be done irrespective of observable symptoms to overcome this public health emergency.

Background: Corneal disease constitutes a significant cause for visual im­pairment and blindness in the developing world. Visual rehabilitation by corneal transplantation for which increased awareness regarding an eye donation is essential, remains the only treatment option for restoring sight in those who suffer from corneal blindness. Hence, the present study con­ducted to assess the awareness, knowledge and willingness about eye do­nation among dental students of KIST medical college & teaching hospital, Nepal Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in KIST medical college and teaching hospital in Nepal during the period of 21st to 30th April 2019. A total of 185 dental students were selected as study group by con­venience sampling technique. A Semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection and analyzed by using SPSS 16. Descriptive statistics and Chi square/ Fischer exact tests were used for data analysis. Results: Out of total 185 dental students who participated in this study, 176 (95.1%) were aware about eye donation, 133 (71.9%) knew that the cornea is used for eye donation and 70 (37.8%) knew that ideal time for eye donation is within six hours of death. Awareness regarding eye dona­tion in male and female students was found to be statistically significant (p =0.013). Conclusions: The present study revealed that most of the dental students were aware regarding eye donation and most of them were willing to do­nate their eyes. Awareness regarding eye donation will form the prime base for the elimination of avoidable corneal blindness in Nepal.