modification of standards for significant hazards. As well, social attitudes change and society generally becomes more risk-averse over time. An alternative approach is 'continuous quality improvement' (CQI), which is an ongoing process for the optimisation of risk, efficiency of operations, and consumption of resources. The 'Deming Cycle' (Plan! Do! Study! Act! [repeat]), for example, is the standard management approach for quality assurance in the private sector. CQI has advantages over fixed standard setting in improving the quality of the environment and worker health and fits better with good management practices. The theoretical disadvantages may be business concern over an ever shifting target for compliance and the opportunity cost of making improvements when performance is already sufficient. However, in practice, CQI has shown such great benefit in improving the operations of enterprises from small business to large corporations that it is standard procedure and typically results in large unanticipated gains beyond quality, in efficient operations, lower cost, and reduced risk. This approach is rarely used in occupational health protection but it has been adopted as 'Best Available Control Technology' in other settings. In the United States, the mandated periodic review of ambient air quality standards by the EPA and of high-priority chemicals under the Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act are broadly compatible with CQI. The approach is also one means of effectively operationalizing the Precautionary Principle. It is suggested that CQI should be reconsidered as an alternative regulatory approach and adopted as a fundamental approach to risk management.
Nowadays, Computers are the dominant technology of the twenty-first century. Thus, programming and the development of software are fundamental activities in which many people across the globe are involved. As a result, programming courses are part of the curriculum. The course is introduced to all first-year IT and Non-IT students who have either no or less expertise in computer programming. The main purpose to select these techniques for non-IT students is to prepare them to work with IT specialists at their future jobs by instilling in them a constant knowledge of technical fundamentals. But as compared to IT students, learning of C programming becomes difficult for non-IT students due to this their passing rate is low. Students lose their interest in programming due to their having less computer programming knowledge which leads to a gap in technical competency require by the IT sector. Taking this into consideration activities like quizzes, debugging tests, and usage of a virtual lab for students were implemented. These activities enhanced students' way of thinking, problem-solving ability, programming, and debugging skills. The idea of using PBL teaching methods, Think-Pair- Share, and E-Learning may improve the effect of C language teaching, and promote the student’s learning initiative. The main focus of this study is to enlighten different teaching approaches and methodologies for first-year non-IT students. Keywords— Coding standard, E-Learning, Programming Language, PBL Teaching, Problem-solving, Non-IT, Virtual Lab
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