Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection of the respiratory tract by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which survives in the tissues during the clinical course of infection but there is limited evidence on placental infection and vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The impact of COVID-19 in first trimester pregnancy remains poorly understood. Moreover, how long SARS-CoV-2 can survive in placenta is unknown. Herein, we report a case of a pregnant woman in the first trimester who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 at 8 weeks of gestation, although her clinical course was asymptomatic. At 13 weeks of gestation, her throat swab tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 but viral RNA was detected in the placenta, and the Spike (S) proteins (S1 and S2) were immunolocalized in cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells of the placental villi. Histologically, the villi were generally avascular with peri-villus fibrin deposition and in some areas the syncytiotrophoblast layer appeared lysed. The decidua also had fibrin deposition with extensive leukocyte infiltration suggestive of inflammation. The SARS-CoV-2 crossed the placental barrier, as the viral RNA was detected in the amniotic fluid and the S proteins were detected in the fetal membrane. Ultrasonography revealed extensively subcutaneous edema with pleural effusion suggestive of hydrops fetalis and the absence of cardiac activity indicated fetal demise. This is the first study to provide concrete evidence of persistent placental infection of SARS-CoV-2 and its congenital transmission is associated with hydrops fetalis and intrauterine fetal demise in early pregnancy.

Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is associated with adverse perinatal outcome. Multi vessel color Doppler studies are useful in these cases for timely intervention. The aim of present study was to know the significance of umbilical, middle cerebral and uterine artery Doppler studies in PIH and to analyse its role in predicting perinatal outcome.Methods: This was a prospective study of 106 singleton pregnancies in the third trimester with PIH. The results of last Doppler ultrasound within one week of delivery were used for analysis. Adverse perinatal outcome was studied in the form of emergency cesarean section for fetal distress, meconium stained amniotic fluid, Apgar at 5 min <7, NICU admission and perinatal mortality (stillbirths and neonatal death). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic accuracy of various Doppler parameters were calculated after comparing with standard.Results: In the present study specificity and diagnostic accuracy of all Doppler ultrasound parameters was high in predicting adverse perinatal outcome. Cerebroplacental ratio showed highest specificity (98.55%), PPV (94.44%) and diagnostic accuracy (80.19%) in predicting adverse perinatal outcome and it is better than MCA PI and UA PI alone. Uterine artery Doppler evaluation also gives additional information in predicting adverse perinatal outcome.Conclusions: Amongst various Doppler parameters cerebroplacental index (MCA/UA PI) is best predictor of adverse perinatal outcome.

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Background: Fetal surveillance of the pregnancies that are complicated by IUGR is essential to improve fetal outcome. Colour Doppler studies of uteroplacental and fetoplacental circulation are useful in identification of hypoxemic status of the fetus and allows timely intervention in at risk fetuses. The present study was aimed to know the significance of colour Doppler studies in intrauterine growth restriction cases and to correlate with the perinatal outcome thus to offer better strategies for early diagnosis of compromised fetus and timely intervention.Methods: This was a prospective study of 125 singleton pregnancies in the third trimester with IUGR. The results of last Doppler ultrasound within one week of delivery were used for analysis. Adverse perinatal outcome was studied in the form of emergency cesarean section for fetal distress, meconium stained amniotic fluid, Apgar at 5 min <7, NICU admission and perinatal mortality (stillbirths and neonatal death). Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV) and Diagnostic accuracy of various Doppler parameters were calculated after comparing with standard.Results: In the present study 63 patients had one or more adverse perinatal outcome parameter. The diagnostic accuracy of umbilical artery was more (71.20%) than other parameters in predicting adverse perinatal outcome. Middle cerebral artery RI was having highest specificity and positive predictive value of 100% than any other parameter in predicting adverse perinatal outcome. Patients with AEDF and REDF had 33.3% and 50% perinatal deaths respectively.Conclusions: Middle cerebral artery Doppler studies shown more specificity and positive predictive value than umbilical artery Doppler in prediction of adverse perinatal outcome.

Background: The aim of this study was to study the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using Diabetes in Pregnancy Study group India (DIPSI) criteria to diagnose patients with GDM and to study the maternal and neonatal outcomes.Methods: 500 patients attending the antenatal clinic between January 2013 to September 2014 with singleton pregnancies between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation were evaluated by administering 75g glucose in a nonfasting state and diagnosing GDM if the 2-hour plasma glucose was more than 140 mg/ dl. Women with multiple pregnancies, pre-existing diabetes mellitus, cardiac or renal disease were excluded from the study.Results: 31 women were diagnosed with GDM (prevalence 6.2%). The prevalence of risk factors such as age more than 25, obesity, family history of Diabetes Mellitus, history of GDM or birth weight more than 4.5kg in previous pregnancy and history of perinatal loss were associated with a statistically significant risk of developing GDM. Though the incidence of Gestational hypertension, polyhydramnios and postpartum haemorrhage was higher in the GDM group, it did not reach statistical significance. More women in the GDM group were delivered by LSCS. There was no significant difference in the incidence of SGA or preterm delivery in the groups. The mean birth weight in GDM group was higher than in the non GDM group.Conclusions: Early detection helps in preventing both maternal and fetal complications. This method of screening is convenient to women as it does not require them to be fasting.

Coronaviruses infect the respiratory tract and are known to survive in these tissues during the clinical course of infection. However, how long can SARS-CoV-2 survive in the tissues is hitherto unknown. Herein, we report a case where the virus is detected in the first trimester placental cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblasts five weeks after the asymptomatic mother cleared the virus from the respiratory tract. This first trimester placental infection was vertically transmitted as the virus was detected in the amniotic fluid and fetal membranes. This congenitally acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with hydrops and fetal demise. This is the first study providing concrete evidences towards persistent tissue infection of SARS-CoV-2, its congenital transmission in early pregnancy leading to intrauterine fetal death.

Background: Induction of labor is a commonly practised intervention in modern obstetrics. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of vaginal misoprostol alone with vaginal misoprostol in combination with Foley catheter for labour induction. It aims to assess the induction delivery interval, the outcome of labour, the incidence of instrumental delivery and Cesarean section. The neonatal outcomes and maternal complications would also be assessed.Methods: 105 women with singleton viable pregnancies of 28 weeks or more gestation with cephalic presentation, intact membranes and an unfavorable cervix (Bishops score less than 6) were randomly assigned to induction of labor using vaginal misoprostol or Foley catheter in combination with vaginal misoprostol. Women in the misoprostol only group received 25 micrograms of misoprostol per vagina every 4 hours for a maximum of six doses. Whereas women in the combination group received vaginal misoprostol and in addition Foley catheter was introduced through the cervix for 12 hours. Interruption of the trial was done in case of failure to enter the active phase of labour after 24 hours of induction, fetal distress, hyperstimulation, hypersensitivity to drugs.Results: The induction to delivery time was shorter in misoprostol group as compared to the Foley with misoprostol group by 3 hours. There was no significant change in Bishops score after induction with Foley in combination with misoprostol as compared to misoprostol alone. There was no increase in the maternal and fetal complications in the misoprostol group as compared to Foley with misoprostol.Conclusions: Misoprostol alone was more efficacious for ripening and inducing agent as compared to Foley in combination with misoprostol.

Ovarian pregnancy is one of the rarest varieties of ectopic gestation. Intrauterine devices have evolved as probable risk factor. It is often difficult to distinguish it from tubal ectopic clinically. Diagnosis is generally retrospective during surgery with confirmation by histopathological examination. Hereby we are presenting a case of primary ovarian pregnancy in a multiparous female of reproductive age group using cut as contraception presented with acute abdomen managed by conservative surgery and diagnosis confirmed by histopathological examination.