Background: Adolescence is defined by WHO as period in human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood from ages 10 to 19 years. According to WHO, half of all mental health disorders in adulthood start by age 14 years, but most cases are undetected and untreated.Methods: The present study was community based cross sectional comparative study was conducted on study participants were high school children aged 14 years to 16 years in tribal, rural and urban areas of Mysuru from November 2014 to May 2016, i.e., one and a half years (eighteen months). Around 9 tribal high schools, 8 rural high schools and 13 urban high schools were selected and sampling was done according to probability proportionate to size. Institutional Ethics Committee clearance was obtained before start of the study. The study methodology was discussed with and permission obtained from all Principals and Headmasters of respective High Schools. Written informed assent was obtained from each study participant. Data thus Obtained were coded and entered into Microsoft excel Work sheet .This was analyzed using SPSS 22 version. Descriptive statistics like percentage, mean and standard deviation were applied. Inferential statistical tests like chi square test were applied to find out association. The difference, association were expressed statistically significant at p-value less than 0.05.Results: Among the study participants, in tribal area, 88 (47.3%) belonged to age group of 15 years, in rural area, 103 (51.5%) belonged to age group of 15 years and in urban area 116 (59.8%) belonged to age group of 14 years. Anxiety disorders were seen more in urban participants 26.3% and least in rural, major depressive disorders were seen more in urban participants (4.1%) and suicidality was seen more in rural participants (6.5%).Conclusions: Anxiety disorders were seen more in urban participants 26.3%, Major depressive disorders were seen more in urban participants (4.1%) and suicidality was seen more in rural participants (6.5%). The present study stresses importance of School-based specific diagnostic screenings such as for anxiety disorders, depression, ADHD should be implemented.

Background: Adolescence is the phase of rapid transition of the body. The requirement of all minerals and vitamins changes in this phase of life so does Vitamin D. Despite Vitamin D being abundantly available, its deficiency, which can cause innumerable side effects on the body, is extremely common among the general population.Material and methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study carried out from January 2021 to July 2022 for two years at various government rural high schools in Kolar, Karnataka, India. All adolescents who were aged 11-18 years and studying in 9 th and 10 th standards were included in the study after consent and assent. Adolescent boys and girls with any pre-existing mental health illness were excluded from the study. To assess depression, Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was used. Vitamin D3 levels were assessed by using VITROS Immunodiagnostic products using a 25-OH Total reagent pack. All data were entered in a Microsoft Excel sheet (Redmond, USA) and analyzed using IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. To check for the association between factors, Chi-square was applied with a level of significance defined as a p-value less than 0.05.Results: Out of 451 students, 272 (60.3%) belonged to the 15-year age group, 224 (49.7%) were boys, 235 (52.1%) were studying in 10 th standard, 323 (71.6 %) belonged to nuclear families, 379 (84%) were nonvegetarian by diet, 222 (49.2%) had sun exposure in the afternoon, and 156 (34.6%) had a sun exposure of fewer than 60 minutes, 133 (29.5%) had severe depression according to Beck's Depression Inventory-II. One hundred sixty-two (35.9%) had insufficient Vitamin D3 levels (12-20 ng/ml), and 66 (14.6%) had deficient levels of Vitamin D3 (less than 12 ng/dl). There was a statistically significant association between depression and Vitamin D3 levels.Conclusion: There are innumerable causes of adolescent depression. The present study shows Vitamin D levels were statistically associated with depression among adolescents. Vitamin D supplementation of at least 600 international units, which is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), could be beneficial in tackling Vitamin D to sufficiency status (20-100 ng/ml) and also indirectly address Adolescent Depression. Better study designs, like randomized control trials showing Vitamin D intervention and its possible curative role in adolescent depression, are required to establish the causal association.

Background: Because of Primary Health care workers most of the national programmes run efficiently at grass root level. Workplace stress is alteration in one's physical or mental state in response to workplaces. Anxiety related to work among them is increasing and also Burnout. Objectives of the Study: To assess stress, anxiety and burnout related to work among ASHA workers and to assess the socio-demographic factors influencing the stress, anxiety and burnout related to work among ASHA workers. Methodology: This was a community based cross sectional study carried out for a period of 6 months from January 2019 to July 2019 at Kolar, India. Multistage cluster sampling was applied. From the selected 8 PHC all ASHA workers were part of the study. Sample size was calculated based on previous study with effect size of 1.5 from which final sample size was 150. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC) before the start of study. Written Informed consent was taken from the study. All data were entered in excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: 150 ASHA workers were interviewed. 75.5% belonged to Nuclear family, 50.7% belonged to age group of 31-40 years, 86.7% perceived that received payment for the work was low, 60.7% had to spend more than 2 hours for walking for the official work, 72% had work experience less than 10 years and 35.3% had working hours more than 8 hours. 45.3% had mild to moderate anxiety, 9.3% had Moderate Anxiety according to Zung Anxiety scale, 54% had moderate stress according to Cohen's perceived stress scale and 23.3% had personal burnout, 33 (22%) had work-related burnout and 4 (2.7%) had Client related Burnout of Moderate levels according to Copenhagen Burnout Inventory scale. Conclusion: Socioeconomic status, Training received before joining work, Type of work, perceptions regarding Work was found to be important factors affecting the mental health. Screening regularly for stress, anxiety and work-related burnout at work place is the need of the hour.

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Background: One of the diseases assuming fast importance is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which is a clinical syndrome characterized by predominant macrovesicular steatosis of the liver which is an umbrella term for a range of liver conditions affecting people who drink little or no alcohol. Only mild to moderate elevation of serum transaminases which could be only laboratory abnormality found in NAFLD. So with this background, the study was started with the objectives of assessing the perceptions of general population regarding NAFLD and factors influencing perceptions of general population regarding NAFLD.Methods: It was a community based cross sectional study carried out for a period of 12 months from January 2018 to December 2018 among in Nanded, Maharashtra. Around 422 households were involved after simple random sampling. To assess perceptions a pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used which had 27 questions. All data collected was entered in Microsoft excel and analysed using SPSS v22.Results: Out of 422 participants, 147 (34.8%) were in the age group of 31-40 years, 333 (78.9%) were male participants, 179 (42.5%) were graduates, 284 (67.3%) belonged to joint family, 140 (33.2%) belonged to Modified BG Prasad classification 2018. 181 (42.9%) had satisfactory perception regarding NAFLD. Females, participants aged more than 40 years, nuclear family participants had better scores.Conclusions: The present study showed majority of the participants had little awareness of NAFLD regardless of their age, gender, or educational status. Awareness of NAFLD must be promoted for prevention, early detection, and treatment especially counseling by primary care physicians preponderant influence in preventive strategy for NAFLD breaking the chain of disease progression.

Background:The rate of readmission to the hospital and mortality within 3 months is used as a quality measure for hospitalized patients with advanced liver disease; however, the topic has not been studied adequately under Indian context. Materials and methods:This study was a longitudinal study conducted from March 2017 to March 2018. Patients admitted with liver cirrhosis at inpatient hepatology service in Tertiary Health Care Centre, Mysore, India, were included for the study. A total of 232 patients were studied and their demographic, clinical, biochemical parameters along with readmission status and outcomes within 3 months of observation were recorded. The effect of these factors on readmission and mortality was studied through multivariate logistic regression. Results: The risk of readmission within 3 months was significantly associated with the presence of hydrothorax, hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), and portal vein thrombosis (PVT). Maddrey's discriminant function (DF), model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, and the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) C grade also significantly increased the odds of readmission. The area under curve (AUC) for DF and MELD were 0.927 and 0.928, respectively. Both DF and MELD significantly increased the odds of mortality. Conclusion: The present study revealed that the parameters such as MELD and DF score and complications such as hydrothorax, HRS, and PVT are the most predictive indicators of cirrhosis complication to ascertain the rate of readmission and mortality within 3 months of patient discharge.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) often leaves its impact physically, socially and mentally on patients. Coping strategies refer to the specific efforts, both behavioural and psychological, that people employ to master, tolerate, reduce or minimize stressful events. The study was started to find out the prevalence of Depression in Tuberculosis patients, to find out the effect of Stress and Depression on Coping strategies in patients diagnosed with Tuberculosis. Methodology: The study was a Cross sectional study carried out for period of two years from January 2020 till December 2021. Study was done at District tuberculosis center, SNR Hospital, Kolar. Sample size calculated as 288 based on previous literature search. All data entered in Microsoft office excel sheet, analyzed using SPSS v 22(IBM Corp, USA). Descriptive statistics applied where ever needed and to compare between groups t-test, ANOVA was used and to check for association between factors Chi-square applied. Results: Out of 302 Tuberculosis patients, 29.1% belonged to 41-50 years, 72.2% belonged to Male gender, 77.5% resided in rural area, 24.5% were unemployed, 4% had HIV comorbidity, 46.4% had Diabetes Mellitus. 54.3% had Moderate Depression. Age, Gender, HIV status, Diabetes status, Tb Patients who Perceived TB stigma, BMI, Perceived Family Support, type of family and occupation were few Clinico-social factors which were statistically significant for Perceived stress scores. Conclusion: Tuberculosis is chronic infectious disease where mental health evaluation is neglected, Better management of these psychiatric morbidities should be educated by the treating primary health care doctors and DOTS providers which will have direct or indirect impact on improving treatment adherence, illness perception and patient coping skills.