This work suggests a type-2 fuzzy lead–lag (T2FLL) controller structure for flexible AC transmission system (FACTS)-based damping controllers and power system stabilizers (PSSs) for power system stability improvement. The values of the suggested controller are optimized by a hybrid adaptive differential evolution and pattern search algorithm (hADE-PS) method. Initially, a single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB) system with lead–lag (LL)-structured FACTS and PSS controllers is considered, and the dominance of the hADE-PS method is established over the original differential evolution (DE), genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The supremacy of T2FLL over the lead–lag (LL) controller is established under different large and small disturbance conditions, as well as varied loading conditions and fault positions. Lastly, the effectiveness of T2FLL is evaluated in a multimachine power system (MMPS). It is demonstrated that the suggested T2FLL offers better performance than the LL controller under various large and small disturbance conditions by providing significantly more damping to all modes of oscillations.

The current study is based on a survey on the exploration and analysis of stochastic harmonic distortion in power systems using multiple converters (Micro-Grid). When Renewable Energy Systems are integrated into EPS, they may create clean energy, fulfill consumer energy needs, and help to protect fossil fuel supplies, which are rapidly dwindling. These renewable energy sources (RES) are frequently connected to the grid via power converters (Voltage Source Converters) to provide the necessary energy regulation and conversion. However, Voltage Source Converter (VSCs) generates both current and voltage harmonics, has a negative impact on the Power Quality (PQ) of a small grid and has the potential to cause damage or equipment failure. In the face of uncertainties, such as those resulting from design parameter selection or system parameter changes, the amount of harmonic distortion of many VSCs may be greatly influenced and difficult to forecast. When dealing with VSC harmonic distortion levels in the face of uncertainty, it is necessary to use statistical methodologies.

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The present research paper is based on a survey on the Investigation of Power Quality Problems and Harmonic Exclusion in the Power System using the Frequency Estimation Technique. The majority of FD approaches are openloop, and they are based on Fourier series analysis in most cases. When applied to frequency domain approaches, Fourier series analysis is a powerful mathematical tool that allows users to acquire a wide range of frequency components by multiplying the input by a set of trigonometric functions (sine/cosine) at various frequencies. Typically, the discrete implementation of the Fourier series, also known as the Discrete Fourier Transform, is used to compute results. DFT can be done quickly and simply using computer technology, and it can be used to estimate the grid signal parameters with improved selectivity and greater steady-state accuracy than other methods. The A/D conversion process of the input signals is required for the real-time implementation of the DFT, which necessitates the repeated sampling and updating of the input signals. However, in order to compute the N samples, this approach necessitates the use of N2 complex multiplication and N2–N complex addition. As a result, it was not extensively used prior to the introduction of the microprocessor.

Custom power devices (CPDs) provide better harmonic minimization when they are connected in parallel with the distribution network. Power switches have a hard impact on harmonic production in distribution networks, which leads to aging effects. Techniques used to control CPD’s provide full switching in various ways. A pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme requires a reference frame transformation that tracks source and load currents to produce a control signal. The voltage de-coupler is installed in the power device's current controllers to minimize fast current harmonics and remove complexity. One-cycle control (OCC) operates in dual boost converter mode and requires only source currents to produce a control signal. Minimum distortions are obtained by the output voltage feedback compensator. The proposed approach compares the performance of two methodologies based on total harmonic distortion (THD) analysis of the same grid voltage. The performance of the CPD using PI and fuzzy one-cycle control techniques is illustrated by simulation, which gives accurate results.