This study proposed that the low-order-correlations reported in the literature between externality and two indices of pathology would be heightened if the externality construct was differentiated into defensive and congruent externality. Defensive externals, who have low expectations of success in achieving valued goals and adopt external beliefs as a defense against feelings of personal failure, should be prone to anxiety; congruent externals, with their sincere belief that reinforcement is not contingent upon their own behavior, fit into the "learned helplessness" paradigm and should become depressed. Sixty male and female college undergraduates were selected as Internal, Defensive External, and Congruent External subjects on the basis of their scores on Levenson's Internal, Powerful Others, and Chance scales, and administered the Self-rating Depression Scale and the Achievement Anxiety Test. Results of the study are equivocal. Congruent externality does manifest a significant positive correlation with depression, but this correlation is low. Defensive externality is significantly positively correlated with debilitating anxiety, but the correlation is greater for congruent externality. Internality is significantly negatively correlated with both depression and debilitating anxiety.
This pilot study assessed the effects of self-hypnosis on psychological and physiological functioning of children ages 7 to 18 with Cystic Fibrosis (N = 12). The study used a pre- and posttest design, repeated measures, and control group. Control and experimental groups were matched for age and clinical severity. The experimental group demonstrated significant changes in locus of control, health locus of control, and self-concept. State anxiety scores did not differ significantly, but changes in trait anxiety distinguished the experimental group from the control group. The experimental group also demonstrated significant increase in peak expiratory flow rates using an air flow meter immediately after self-hypnosis when compared to the control group. Generalizability of the results is discussed in terms of the small sample size. Recommendations are offered for future studies with larger samples and variations in procedure.
A study of 376 high school graduates representing equal numbers of male‐female, age groups of 20–30 and 40–50 years and Hindu, non‐Hindu Indians were examined on Rotter's I‐E Scale. Contrary to earlier reports (Carment 1974) the group was not more internal than previously reported scores of other cultures. A 2 times; 2 times; 2 ANOVA revealed that sex and religion contributed significantly. Belief in the theory of Karma and socioeconomic status also contributed significantly. Similar analyses of three subscales of I‐E, Personal Control, Control Ideology and Systems Control showed some reversals of results of total I‐E.
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