Sri Lanka’s education system was suddenly shifted from classroom-based free education to online-based distance learning as an emergency teaching and learning method (ETLM) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. This study examines how various stakeholders used online-based distant learning as an ETLM, and highlights the lessons learned from such a transition in Sri Lanka through a case study of the Kandy education zone (KEZ), in response to the country’s COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. We obtained the data through a questionnaire survey from 19 schools in KEZ, selecting the teachers, students, and parents as a survey sample. The findings revealed that nearly 64.7% of teachers used social media for the teaching–learning process (TLP), 27.9% used standard online teaching platforms, and only 7.4% used traditional teaching methods during the pandemic lockdown. Additionally, 36.5% of teachers and 41.2% of students favored the WhatsApp mobile application for the TLP, while others preferred other applications. However, during the COVID-19 lockdown, most of the less privileged schools in the peripheral areas of the KEZ adopted traditional teaching methods (TTM). The extent of the gap in ETLM adaptation and the driving factors that led to observable discrepancies between privileged and non-privileged schools, even in the urban settings of the KEZ, are also discussed in this study. These findings are significant in terms of educational policy making and management. Overall, this research contributes to understanding the ETLM adaptation of the KEZ by proposing policy directions that policymakers and other higher education authorities in the country should consider in an emergency.
Introduction:The vermiform appendix is a vestigial structure showing extreme variability in its position. Varying symptoms of acute appendicitis reflect this variability making the clinical presentation of appendicitis highly inconsistent. Objective: To observe the anatomical variations of the position of the tip of the appendix and its base, length, details of meso-appendix and appendicular artery in adult medico-legal autopsies. Methods: A sample of medico legal autopsies carried out on those over 18 years by forensic pathologists at the Teaching Hospital Peradeniya was included in this study. Results: Of the 60 autopsies, 39 were male, with an age range of 19-88 years. Fifty eight appendixes were healthy, 1 appendicular mass and 1 absent appendix. Positions of the appendices were: 29 (50%) post-ileal, 20 (34.48%) retro-caecal, 7 (12.07%) pelvic and 2 (3.45%) para-caecal. The base was at the postero-medial wall in 36 (62.07%), lower pole in 18 (31.03%) and postero-lateral wall of the ceacum in 4 (6.0%) subjects. The length was 3cm -14 cm (mean 8.2 cm). The distance between ileo-caecal valve and base of the appendix was 1 cm -6 cm (mean 2.8 cm). The distance between the edge of the meso-appendix and the tip was 0 cm -7 cm (mean 1.23 cm). In 51.7 % of cases meso-appendix continued to the tip. The appendicular artery continued to the tip in 37 (63.8%) cases. Conclusions: Post ileal position is the commonest position of the appendix, with the base situated commonly on the postero-medial wall of the caecum. In the majority of cases mesoappendix and the appendicular artery continued to the tip.
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