Wound healing is a therapeutic challenge due to the complexity of the wound. Various wounds could cause severe physiological trauma and bring social and economic burdens to the patient. The conventional wound healing treatments using bandages and gauze are limited particularly due to their susceptibility to infection. Different types of wound dressing have developed in different physical forms such as sponges, hydrocolloids, films, membranes, and hydrogels. Each of these formulations possesses distinct characteristics making them appropriate for the treatment of a specific wound. In this review, the pathology and microbiology of wounds are introduced. Then, the most recent progress on bacterial cellulose- (BC-) based wound dressing discussed and highlighted their antibacterial and reepithelization properties in vitro and in vivo wound closure. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives on the development of BC-based wound dressing biomaterials are outlined.
Increased resistance of fungal pathogens to common antimicrobial agents is known as one of the most important human problems. Due to the limited variety of antifungal drugs available, the identification and use of new antifungal drugs are essential. This study aimed to determine the optimal conditions for synthesizing a novel nanocomposite of xanthan gum/ZnO/TiO2with the highest antifungal activity against Candida albicans (C. albicans). For this purpose, nine experiments were designed using the Taguchi method. In the designed experiments, three factors of xanthan gum, ZnO, and TiO2nanoparticles have been investigated at three different levels, and the best ratio with the highest antifungal activity was determined. The results showed that in the presence of the synthesized nanocomposite in experiment 3 (xanthan gum 0.01 M, ZnO 0.09 M, and TiO2 0.09 M), the inhibition of fungal growth reached 92.51%. The properties of the synthesized nanocomposite and its components were investigated using different characterization methods, which confirmed the formation of nanocomposites with desirable properties. The antifungal activity results showed that the synthesized nanocomposite as an antifungal agent has an effective performance and can be used well in various fields.
Decreasing the effectiveness of existing antimicrobial agents and increasing antimicrobial resistance to them is one of the major challenges of the healthcare system. This study was aimed at determining the optimal conditions for synthesizing novel alginate/kaolin/Ag nanocomposite with the highest antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm. For this purpose, silver nanoparticles and alginate biopolymer were synthesized by the coprecipitation and biological methods, respectively. In situ method was used to synthesize nanocomposites. The antibacterial activity of nanocomposites against S. mutans biofilm was measured in 9 experiments designed by the Taguchi method to determine the highest level of antibacterial performance. Nanocomposites synthesized in experiment 3 (60 mg/ml alginate, 0.9 mg/ml kaolin, and 4 mg/ml Ag) and experiment 5 (70 mg/ml alginate, 0.6 mg/ml kaolin, and 4 mg/ml Ag) had the strongest antibacterial activity against the S. mutans biofilm, which completely stopped the growth of the bacterium. Various characterization tests were used to identify nanocomposite components materials that confirmed the formation of nanocomposite with desirable properties. Thermal analysis showed that the temperature range of thermal stability of nanocomposite is higher than the temperature range of thermal stability of alginate polymer. This novel nanocomposite showed desirable antibacterial potential against the S. mutans biofilm. As a result, it can be used as an antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent in various biomedical and dental fields.
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