Administering 30 IU of oxytocin intraumbilically in 50 mL of a normal saline solution after fetal delivery is a simple, noninvasive, and effective method for active management of the third stage of labor.
BACKGROUND Menstruation is unique phenomenon in girls. However, even in today's time in India, it is associated with many taboos and myths that affect many socio-cultural and economic aspects of life and is a hindrance in the overall development of a girl to women and becoming empowered. Besides the taboos, there are menstrual problems which a girl has to suffer. A woman's reproductive health is determined by her menstrual health. The prevalence of menstrual disorders is highest in the 20 to 24-year-old age group and decreases progressively thereafter. They affect not only the woman, but also family, social, and national economics as well. Even girls from good socioeconomic background and education are unable to dispel the taboos and are unable to discuss their menstrual issues and problems due to lack of menstrual education. Information on a woman's menstrual pattern will aid in clinical evaluation of gynaecological problems and will make womanhood easier for adolescent women and adults 1. However, studies on menstrual pattern, menstrual disorders, associated factors and taboos affecting the girls of medical students of university of rural North India are very few. We wanted to determine the menstrual pattern, menstrual disorders, information regarding menstruation and taboos associated with menstruation among female medical students of university of rural North India. METHODS A self-descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among female medical students between the ages 17-22 years. A total of 235 questionnaires was administered to postmenarcheal Indian adolescent girls attending medical college in SGT University, Gurugram, and Haryana India. Participants were asked to respond to a semi-structured questionnaire on menstrual health awareness. The questionnaire included questions on age at menarche, menstrual cycle length and regularity, duration, and amount of flow, type and severity of pain related to menstruation, need for analgesia, and symptoms suggestive of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and impact of menstrual pain on academic and social activities and taboos associated with menstruation. The main outcome measure was information regarding menarche, description of menstrual patterns, disorders and impact of the disorder on academic and social activities and taboos regarding menstruation.
OBJECTIVE:To assess the needs of contraception and usage of contraception by finding knowledge, attitude regarding family planning and the practice of contraceptives among rural women of India. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY:The gynaecological outpatient clinic of SGT Hospital, Budhera, Gurgaon, Haryana from January to June 2014. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 100 women between the ages 15-45, living with their husbands and coming from rural area (villages) were interviewed. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Women who were pregnant 2. Women having a child younger than 2 years 3. Women having any medical disorder Their knowledge, attitude and practice on contraceptives were evaluated with the help of a predesigned and pretested questionnaire. The other variables used were the age of women, parity and educational status. Descriptive analysis was conducted to obtain percentages. RESULTS: Out of 100 interviewed women most women were in 21-30years age group, 36% women were completely illiterate, and 64% had primary education. 52% were <3 parity. Out of 100 women interviewed 80 (80%) had heard/aware of family planning method (permanent/temporary). Out of 80 women, who had knowledge and awareness of family planning methods about 34(42.5%), 20(25%) and 26(32.5%) got information from media, health personal and social circle (husband, mother/ in laws) respectively. Out of 100 women interviewed, 58(58%) were practicing different contraceptive methods. Tubal ligation, barrier contraception, IUCD were used by 20(34.48%) 15(25.86%), and 12(20.68) respectively in order of preference. The main reason of using contraception was completion of their family in 30(51.72%). Only 15(25.86%) women used various methods for spacing. Only 7(12.06%) used OCP as a contraceptive method. Positive attitude towards contraception was shown by 72(72%) of women, while 44(44%) stated their husbands' positive attitude towards contraception. CONCLUSION: The study highlights that there is a need to increase knowledge and awareness but knowledge and awareness do not always lead to a positive attitude towards the use of contraceptives. To increase the number of couples using contraception there has to be a combined approach to increase knowledge, awareness, positive attitude and great motivation and support from health department. There appears a need for continuing education about sexuality and contraception. Also there is a need to motivate the youth for effective and appropriate use of contraceptives and arrest the trend towards unwanted pregnancy and increase in population. There is need for focused awareness program based on the knowledge gaps reported among women in reproductive age group.
BACKGROUND During the past decade, our understanding of pathophysiology of PCOS has undergone a remarkable evolution. Despite our familiarity with this disease, some of its fundamental characteristics remains poorly recognized and understood. The present study focuses on comprehensive knowledge about the current and emerging concepts of the PCOS such as, pathogenesis, diagnosis and better management of the syndrome. Obesity was found to be one of the important factors that contribute to the development of long-term risk of PCOS. In addition, increased obesity and abdominal adiposity further aggravate the clinical, hormonal and metabolic parameters in PCOS and, if treated, can reverse most of these abnormalities to a clinically significant degree. Our study suggests that anthropometric parameters (especially BMI & WHR) are significantly correlated with lipid profile in PCOS patients confirming the importance of early treatment of obesity to prevent further complications in the future. We wanted to study the anthropometric measurements, the hormonal status and biochemical parameters in females diagnosed with PCOS, study the correlation between them, and compare them with controls. METHODS In this prospective case control study, women clinically diagnosed with PCOS (N=100) and age matched healthy control female subjects (N=100) in the age group (18-35) years were enrolled. Body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), fasting blood glucose, lipid profile and hormonal levels were estimated in both groups and further compared using student t-test. Anthropometric measurements were also correlated with the hormonal levels & biochemical parameters and the results were analysed using Pearson's correlation coefficients. Sample size was taken for convenience. RESULTS We found that the levels of TSH, LH, FSH, LH/FSH ratio, prolactin, TC, TG, LDL & TC/HDL ratio were significantly raised in PCOS females as compared to healthy females (p < 0.0001). Anthropometric measurements (BMI, waist-to-hip ratio) showed significant positive correlation with TSH, biochemical parameters (TC, TG, LDL & TC/HDL ratio) and hormonal profile (LH, FSH, LH/FSH ratio & Prolactin) of PCOS women. CONCLUSIONS There is significant derangement in hormonal & biochemical status of women suffering from PCOS that leads to an altered energy metabolism and endocrinological cascade of PCOS. Also, the anthropometric measurements were statistically significantly different from controls which showed significant positive correlation with the hormonal and biochemical parameters. This emphasizes the importance of early treatment of obesity, timely identification of hypothyroidism and biochemical derangement to prevent complications in the future. Awareness, Prevention, and Treatment, of PCOS at an early stage should be actively taken up for a healthy woman and a healthy nation.
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