O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an X-linked gene product that is essential for normal development of the vertebrate embryo. It catalyses the O-GlcNAc posttranslational modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins and proteolytic maturation of the transcriptional coregulator Host cell factor 1 (HCF1). Recent studies have suggested that conservative missense mutations distal to the OGT catalytic domain lead to X-linked intellectual disability in boys, but it is not clear if this is through changes in the O-GlcNAc proteome, loss of protein–protein interactions, or misprocessing of HCF1. Here, we report an OGT catalytic domain missense mutation in monozygotic female twins (c. X:70779215 T > A, p. N567K) with intellectual disability that allows dissection of these effects. The patients show limited IQ with developmental delay and skewed X-inactivation. Molecular analyses revealed decreased OGT stability and disruption of the substrate binding site, resulting in loss of catalytic activity. Editing this mutation into the Drosophila genome results in global changes in the O-GlcNAc proteome, while in mouse embryonic stem cells it leads to loss of O-GlcNAcase and delayed differentiation down the neuronal lineage. These data imply that catalytic deficiency of OGT could contribute to X-linked intellectual disability.

Autosomal recessive mutations in the PINK1 gene are causal for Parkinson's disease (PD). PINK1 encodes a mitochondrial localized protein kinase that is a master-regulator of mitochondrial quality control pathways. Structural studies to date have elaborated the mechanism of how mutations located within the kinase domain disrupt PINK1 function; however, the molecular mechanism of PINK1 mutations located upstream and downstream of the kinase domain is unknown. We have employed mutagenesis studies to define the minimal region of human PINK1 required for optimal ubiquitin phosphorylation, beginning at residue Ile111. Inspection of the AlphaFold human PINK1 structure model predicts a conserved N-terminal α-helical extension (NTE) domain forming an intramolecular interaction with the C-terminal extension (CTE), which we corroborate using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry of recombinant insect PINK1 protein. Cell-based analysis of human PINK1 reveals that PD-associated mutations (e.g. Q126P), located within the NTE : CTE interface, markedly inhibit stabilization of PINK1; autophosphorylation at Serine228 (Ser228) and Ubiquitin Serine65 (Ser65) phosphorylation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that NTE and CTE domain mutants disrupt PINK1 stabilization at the mitochondrial Translocase of outer membrane complex. The clinical relevance of our findings is supported by the demonstration of defective stabilization and activation of endogenous PINK1 in human fibroblasts of a patient with early-onset PD due to homozygous PINK1 Q126P mutations. Overall, we define a functional role of the NTE : CTE interface towards PINK1 stabilization and activation and show that loss of NTE : CTE interactions is a major mechanism of PINK1-associated mutations linked to PD.

No abstract

PINK1 encodes a mitochondrial localised protein kinase that is a master-regulator of mitochondrial quality control pathways. Structural studies to date have elaborated the mechanism of how mutations located within the kinase domain disrupt PINK1 function, however, the molecular mechanism of PINK1 mutations located upstream and downstream of the kinase domain are unknown. We have employed mutagenesis studies of human PINK1 in cells to define the minimal region of PINK1, required for optimal ubiquitin phosphorylation, beginning at residue Ile111. Bioinformatic analysis of the region spanning Ile111 to the kinase domain and inspection of the AlphaFold human PINK1 structure model predicts a conserved N-terminal alpha-helical domain extension (NTE domain) within this region corroborated by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) of recombinant insect PINK1 protein. The AlphaFold structure also predicts the NTE domain forms an intramolecular interaction with the C-terminal extension (CTE). Cell-based analysis of human PINK1 reveals that PD-associated mutations (e.g. Q126P), located within the NTE:CTE interface, markedly inhibit stabilization of PINK1; autophosphorylation at Serine228 (Ser228); and Ubiquitin Serine65 (Ser65) phosphorylation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that NTE domain mutants do not affect intrinsic catalytic kinase activity but do disrupt PINK1 stabilisation at the mitochondrial Translocase of outer membrane (TOM) complex. The clinical relevance of our findings is supported by the demonstration of defective stabilization and activation of endogenous PINK1 in human fibroblasts of a patient with early-onset PD due to homozygous PINK1 Q126P mutations. Overall, we define a functional role of the NTE:CTE interface towards PINK1 stabilisation and activation and show that loss of NTE:CTE interactions is a major mechanism of PINK1-associated mutations linked to PD.

No abstract