Background: The objectives of the study were to find the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity and risk factors associated with its development. Methods: Observational study was carried out at tertiary care hospital. Inclusion criteria: All hospitalized preterm infants with birth weight <1.5 Kg and gestational age ≤32 weeks. Selected preterm 1.5 to ≤2 Kg and gestational age >32 to ≤37 week, with additional risk factors (neonatal & maternal). Results: The overall incidence of ROP in present study was 21.87%. Of these 14.28% had stage І, 64.28% had stage ІІ ROP and 21.42% had plus disease. ROP was bilateral in all 14 neonates. The incidence was high in ELBW (100%), in the gestational age group 28-30 weeks (61.53%). Among the neonatal risk factors, oxygen therapy was a significant risk factor and chances of developing ROP were increased as duration of oxygen therapy increased (>72 hr) (p=0.0005). Episodes of hyperoxia, >3 episodes (p=0.0002) and hypoxia with 2-3 episodes, (p=0.008) were associated with development of ROP. Acidosis, (p=0.006), NEC (p=0.00002), proven sepsis (p=0.002), hyperbilirubinemia requiring intensive phototherapy (p=0.002), PDA (p=0.0007) and partial parenteral nutrition (p=0.02) were other risk factors associated. Mean NICU stay was longer in patients with ROP (p=0.001). Stage 1 and 2 ROP without plus disease showed spontaneous regression (100%) on follow up. Overall incidence of babies requiring laser treatment was 14.28%. Conclusions: We should screen all preterm with birth weight <1500 g and gestational age ≤32 weeks, irrespective of risk factors and babies between 1.5 to 2 kg and between 32 and 37 weeks, having risk factors for ROP.

Background: Surat is an endemic area for malaria. There has been a change in the trend of clinical profile and severity of P.vivax and P. falciparum malaria. Initially, P. falciparum was considered notorious for its complications but now P. vivax also presents with similar pictures. Hence, vivax malaria, which was once thought to be a relatively benign condition, is appearing in its more malignant form, with severity gradually becoming a serious concern. This aim of the study is to compare the clinical profile severity of P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria in pediatrics age group in a tertiary care hospital in Surat, India. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital of a medical college in Surat. This study was done for a period of 6 months from July 2014 to December 2014. Patients below 18 years of age who were smear positive for plasmodium species or malarial antigen positive were included in the study. Statistical analysis was done using chi square test for comparing proportions. P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Eighty-seven patients were found to be suffering from malaria detected by malarial antigen test or through blood smear. Out of this, 48 (55%) patients were found to have P. vivax while 31 (35.6%) patients were found to have P. falciparum and only 8 cases had mixed malaria. The common complications encountered were jaundice and severe anemia. Severe malaria was more common in patients having vivax malaria as compared to falciparum. Besides anaemia as a haematological manifestation, thrombocytopenia was the second common abnormality encountered more commonly in patients with vivax as compared to falciparum species. The detailed study morbidity profile clearly establishes that severe malaria, earlier attributed to only falciparum is equally seen in vivax. Conclusions: Severe form of malaria is seen in vivax malaria and the age group affected by vivax also is younger. Profile of complications is different in different studies.