Calcium carbonate micro-and nanoparticles are considered as chemically inert materials. Therefore, they are widely considered in the field of biosensing, drug delivery, and as filler material in plastic, paper, paint, sealant, and adhesive industries. The unusual properties of calcium carbonate-based nanomaterials, such as biocompatibility, high surface-to-volume ratio, robust nature, easy synthesis, and surface functionalization, and ability to exist in a variety of morphologies and polymorphs, make them an ideal candidate for both industrial and biomedical applications. Significant research efforts have been devoted for developing novel synthesis methods of calcium carbonate particles in micrometer and nanometer dimensions. This review highlights different approaches of the synthesis of calcium carbonate micro-and nanoparticles, such as precipitation, slow carbonation, emulsion, polymer-mediated method, including in-situ polymerization, mechano-chemical, microwave-assisted method, and biological methods. The applications of these versatile calcium carbonate micro-and nanoparticles in the biomedical field (such as in drug delivery, therapeutics, tissue engineering, antimicrobial activity, biosensing applications), in industries, and environmental sector has also been comprehensively covered.
This paper focuses on development of PID controller for a single tank level control system using concepts of industrial automation. The idea behind this work is to replace the conventional PID controller available in the level control trainer system with a high end Programmable Logic Controller. The motive behind doing this is to obtain a complete understanding of the changes in the dynamics of the system and transient response characteristics associated with the system. Mathematical model is obtained for the actual system using the mass-balance formulas and the same model is validated. Using NI-LabVIEW, a SCADA platform is developed to monitor the system and log the real-time process data. MODBUS RTU communication protocol is used to exchange the real-time process parameters between PLC and NI-LabVIEW. The developed setup can be used to analyze and implement advance process control algorithm like Auto tuning etc. in place of the existing conventional controller in future.
Background The UN Sustainable Development Goal aims at a 50% reduction of anemia in women of reproductive age (WRA) by 2030. Several nutrition-specific and sensitive interventions are targeted across LMICs to reduce anemia. Objectives The meta-review comprehensively assessed the effectiveness of nutrition-specific and sensitive interventions on hemoglobin (Hb) and serum ferritin (SF) concentrations, the prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia among WRA, pregnant women and lactating women from LMICs. Method The preparation of the present meta-review followed a double-blinded synthesis process with three stages- screening, quality appraisal and data extraction in Eppi Reviewer. Earlier, a well-designed peer-reviewed protocol was published (1). A comprehensive search was performed for systematic reviews (SRs) published between January 2000 and May 2022 using 21 international, national, and regional databases. The methodological quality appraisal of included studies was conducted using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) checklist. Results A total of 23 SRs evaluated the effects of various nutrition-specific interventions included in the final synthesis. The included SRs on nutrition-specific interventions such as supplementation of nutrients iron (n = 7), iron and folic acid (n = 4), vitamin A (n = 3), calcium (n = 2), multiple micronutrients (n = 7) and intravenous iron sucrose (n = 2). Also, SRs on fortification of nutrients included multiple micronutrients (n = 6), iron and folic acid (n = 4) and iron (n = 4). Of the 23 SRs, 22 were of high quality. Iron with or without folic acid supplementation and fortification and vitamin A supplementation consistently showed positive effects on either reduction in the prevalence of anemia or iron deficiency and in improving the Hb concentrations or SF concentrations in WRA and pregnant women from LMICs. Conclusion The comprehensive meta-review reported the beneficial effects of iron with or without folic acid, multiple micronutrient supplementation/fortification, and vitamin A supplementation in reducing the prevalence of anemia or iron deficiency and increase in Hb or SF concentrations in WRA from LMICs.
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