Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as Bisphenol A (BPA) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), can have far reaching health effects, including transgenerational abnormalities in offspring that never directly contacted either chemical. We previously reported reduced fertilization rates and embryo survival at F2 and F3 generations caused by 7-day embryonic exposure (F0) to 100 μg/L BPA or 0.05 μg/L EE2 in medaka. Crossbreeding of fish in F2 generation indicated subfertility in males. To further understand the mechanisms underlying BPA or EE2-induced adult onset and transgenerational reproductive defects in males, the present study examined the expression of genes regulating the brain-pituitary-testis (BPT) axis in the same F0 and F2 generation male medaka. Embryonic exposure to BPA or EE2 led to hyperactivation of brain and pituitary genes which are actively involved in reproduction in adulthood of the F0 generation male fish, and some of these F0 effects continued to the F2 generation (transgenerational effects). Particularly, the F2 generation inherited the hyperactivated state of expression for kisspeptin (kiss1 and kiss2) and their receptors (kiss1r and kiss2r), and gnrh and gnrh receptors. At F2 generation expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (dnmt1) decreased in brain of the BPA treatment lineage, while EE2 treatment lineage showed increased dnmt3bb expression. Global hypomethylation pattern was observed in the testis of both F0 and F2 generation fish. Taken together, these results demonstrated that BPA or EE2-induced transgenerational reproductive impairment in the F2 generation was associated with alterations of reproductive genes expression in brain and testis and global DNA methylation in testis.

Teenage pregnancy is a major public health problem worldwide. Studies shows that teenage mothers are more likely to experience pregnancy-related complications compared to normal age mothers. This study was conducted to find the associated factors of teenage pregnancy. Hospital based case-control study was adopted among teenage mothers (15-19 years) and non-teenage (20-29 years) postnatal mothers admitted in two medical college teaching hospitals of Pokhara. Systematic random sampling was used to select the respondents. Study sample comprises 432 respondents with 216 cases and 216 controls. The data was collected by using structured interview schedule and collected data were entered in MS excel with validated command and analyzed with SPSS 16 version. The study resulted that teenage pregnancy was associated with disadvantaged ethnicity (AOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.14-3.56) agriculture (AOR: 5.37, 95% CI: 1.86-15.49) and labour (AOR: 6.22, 95% CI: 2.56-15.11) family occupation, lower education (AOR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.39-4.76), nonworking status of women (AOR: 2.87, 95% CI: 1.60-5.14), unplanned pregnancy (AOR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.101-3.21), incomplete immunization (AOR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.11-4.84) and preterm gestational age (AOR: 3.23, 95% CI: 1.46-7.15).It is recommended to design and implement health education interventions especially for disadvantaged groups and people with low socio economic to reduce teenage pregnancy; to emphasize on providing opportunities for higher education, employment and empowerment and increasing utilization of family planning and maternal health services among teenagers. Key words: Teenage pregnancy, associated factors, case control study, outcomes, adolescents

While autonomic disturbances resulting from a hypothalamic injury are uncommon complications following surgery for craniopharyngioma, they can lead to postoperative death. Herein, we discuss the case of a multicompartmental craniopharyngioma in a 13-year-old child who died due to unexpected hypothalamic injury, resulting in rapid deterioration in the hemodynamic and neurological status of the patient.

Introduction: Smoking is one of the most common preventable causes of death globally, contributing significantly to the global burden of diseases, especially chronic non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, cancers, and stroke. It is a known fact that cigarette smoking is harmful and addictive, but very few pay attention to its deadly results.The study was conducted to assess the prevalence and contributing factors for smoking among undergraduates. Methods: The purposive sampling technique was used to select the subjects. Total 220 undergraduates were choosen and a self–administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Results: The respondents at around 70.0% were of age less than 21 whereas 30.0 % were of age more than 21. The mean age was 21.01±1years. More than half (54.08%) of the respondents were female, while 45.09% were male. The majority (92.72%) of the respondents belonged to the Hindu religion. Regarding ethnicity, 70.93% of the respondents were from the upper caste, while less than 1.36% belonged to religious minorities.The prevalence of smoking was found to be 15.0%. Among 67.16% of the respondents initiated smoking at the age of 15-20 years. Maximum 56.71% bought smoking agents from their own pocket money. The major influencing factors for smoking were experimentation i.e. 46.26%, followed by peer pressure, 25.37%. The variables such as sex, age, religion, and educational status of a mother were found to be associated with smoking. Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking among college students is low. Among them who smoke, majority of the students started smoking as experimentation and peer pressure.Strict laws against smoking should be formulated and implemented effectively. Awareness programs should be carried out focusing on harmful effects of smoking.

Introduction: A pregnancy that lasts beyond the expected date of delivery is called as postdates pregnancy. Postdates pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of fetal, neonatal mortality and morbidity as well as an increased maternal morbidity. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 196 uncomplicated postdates pregnancies in two tertiary care centers i.e. Manipal Teaching Hospital and Gandaki Medical College, Pokhara, Nepal. The aim of the study was to assess the maternal and fetal outcomes in uncomplicated postdates pregnancy. The data was collected by using structured interview schedule and entered in MS excel with validated command and analyzed with SPSS version 16. Results: In the study, out of 196 postdates pregnancies, 30.6 % of the mothers had undergone caeserean section 3.06 had an instrumental delivery and 1.5% had traumatic delivery. Further 5.61 % of the mothers had postpartum hemorrhage. A total 3.8 % of the neonates were admitted to the NICU and 1.5 % of the neonates were resuscitated. Conclusion: The study concluded that postdates pregnancy was associated with perinatal complications like postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), an increase in incidence of caesarean section and admission of neonates to NICU. Careful advice and monitoring can alleviate maternal and fetal untoward complications.

Background: According to WHO One in six people are aged 10–19 year. Mental health conditions account for 16% of the global burden of disease and injury in people aged 10–19 years. Half of all mental health conditions start by 14 years of age but most cases are undetected and untreated. The consequences of not addressing adolescent mental health conditions extend to adulthood, impairing both physical and mental health and limiting opportunities to lead fulfilling lives as adults. Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and patterns of psychological and behavioural problems in school going adolescents of Gwalior township. Methodology: This Study is screening based on self-reported symptoms by school going adolescents. Adolescents are selected by the simple random sampling, and data is collected by the semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire. Results: About 60%-80% adolescents have some behavioural problem and about 47% have psychological problem. Conclusion: Most of the problems required counseling thus the counseling is the integral part for management of these problems. ARSH clinic are established at some places is a good initiative. Finally, we have to create a healthy and supportive environment around adolescents. Keywords: Adolescent, Psychological, Behavioural

No abstract

Breast malignancy is the most frequent carcinoma among females across the world and third-most in Nepal. Early diagnosis of breast cancer through breast health awareness and self-examination, in addition to mammography screening, is a highly feasible and useful technique in poorly resourced settings. However, their intentions, whether to modify behaviors or actions, remain debatable and less explained in the literature. So, we aimed to assess how long an educational intervention affects women’s intention to do a breast self-examination (BSE) and mammography screening. After assessing feasibility, one ward was assigned to the intervention (IG; ward number 30) and control group (CG; ward number 33), and then with inclusion criteria, a total of 360 females (180 each in IG and CG) aged 40–75 years enrolled in the study. After the baseline assessment, participants in the IG were delivered an hour-long breast cancer screening-related lecture-discussion- demonstration session that included BSE and mammography, aided with a silicone dummy. The session was carried out by the female trained nurses. Outcome data were obtained at the baseline, 4, 8, and 12 months following the intervention. Attitudes, perceived behavioral controls (PBCs) and behavioral intents (BIs) of both mammography and BSE at baseline were similar in both IG and CG except in case of subjective norms (SNs). Intents of BSE remained effective for 4 months, whereas for mammography, it was effective only at 4 and 12 months. Moreover, attitudes toward both tests remained intact for 4, 8, and 12 months (p = < .05) consistently. With regards to PBCs, women having good control remained only for 4 months in both screening tests. Further, regarding SN, significant mean changes were observed at 4 and 12 months in BSE, and only at 4 months in mammography screening. The session was effective in sustaining BSE and mammography intentions for at least 4 months. To retain the effects longer (up to 12 months), additional educational strategies focusing on subjective norms and perceived behavioral controls of both tests are highly warranted.