Breast cancer related lymphedema is one of the most underestimated and debilitating complications of the treatment of this entity. Occurs as result of the interruption of the lymphatic flow in association with other factors. The incidence varies depending on the type of treatment received; being a higher risk in cases in which total mastectomy, axillary dissection, radiotherapy are performed; and in patients in whom the lymph nodes are positive for cancer, there was a greater number of harvested lymph nodes, taxanes were used or in obese patients. Clinical diagnosis and imaging techniques are essential to assess the functional status of the lymphatic system. The main objectives in the management of lymphedema are to limit patient morbidity, improve functionality and quality of life. There are procedures that seek to prevent the development of breast cancer related lymphedema. Once established, the treatment can be conservative and surgical. Surgical treatment includes physiological (reconstructive) and excisional procedures. Success depends on a good selection of patients and the performance of an individualized treatment. The following is a review regarding the incidence, risk factors, diagnostic strategies and surgical techniques with emphasis on microsurgical treatment.
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