Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 10% of the global population and has limited treatment options. The accumulation of gut microbiota-derived uremic toxins, such as
para
-cresol (
p
-cresol) and
p-
cresyl sulfate, is associated with the onset of comorbidities (i.e., atherosclerosis and cognitive disorders) in CKD.
Recent studies suggest histamine and d-lactate may negatively impact host health. As excess histamine is deleterious to the host, the identification of bacterial producers has contributed to concerns over the consumption of probiotics or live microorganisms in fermented food items. Some probiotic products have been suspected of inducing d-lactic-acidosis; an illness associated with neurocognitive symptoms such as ataxia. The goals of the present study were to test the in vitro production of histamine and d-lactate by a 24-strain daily synbiotic and to outline methods that others can use to test for their production. Using enzymatic based assays, no significant production of histamine was observed compared to controls (P > 0.05), while d-lactate production was comparable to a commercially available probiotic with no associated health risk. These assays provide a means to add to the safety profile of synbiotic and probiotic products.
Calcium-based kidney stone disease is a highly prevalent and morbid condition, with an often complicated and multifactorial aetiology. An abundance of research on the role of specific vitamins (B
6
, C and D) in stone formation exists, but no consensus has been reached on how these vitamins influence stone disease. As a consequence of emerging research on the role of the gut microbiota in urolithiasis, previous notions on the contribution of these vitamins to urolithiasis are being reconsidered in the field, and investigation into previously overlooked vitamins (A, E and K) was expanded. Understanding how the microbiota influences host vitamin regulation could help to determine the role of vitamins in stone disease.
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